THE  LIBRARY  OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF 

NORTH  CAROLINA 


THE  COLLECTION  OF 
NORTH  CAROLINIANA 


C379.2 
'c.2 





UNIVERSITY  OF  N.C.  AT  CHAPEL  HILL 


00034012194 


FOR  USE  ONLY  IN 
THE  NORTH  CAROLINA  COLLECTION 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2011  with  funding  from 

Ensuring  Democracy  through  Digital  Access  (NC-LSTA) 


http://www.archive.org/details/citizensreferenc1922morr 


Educational  Publication,  No.  47 


Division  of  Supervision,  No.  9 


CITIZENS'  REFERENCE  BOOK 


A  TEXT  AND  REFERENCE  BOOK 


/ 


PUPILS  AND  TEACHERS 


COMMUNITY  SCHOOLS  FOR  ADULT  BEGINNERS 


•*>' 


KALEIGH 
Mitchell  Printing  Company 
State  Printers 
1922      «■ 


$$m 


Copyright,  1922 

State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 

of  North  Carolina 


FOREWORD 

This  Citizens'  Reference  Book  was  prepared  and  compiled  by  Mrs. 
Elizabeth  C.  Morriss  to  meet  the  needs  of  pupils  and  teachers  in  teach- 
ing adult  beginners.  With  very  few  exceptions  all  texts  for  adult  begin- 
ners have  been  written  for  pupils  speaking  other  than  English.  Our 
adult  illiterates  are  almost  wholly  native  born,  therefore  one  of  our 
greatest  needs  has  been  suitable  texts  for  use  in  teaching  native  adult 
beginners.  The  material  in  this  Citizens'  Reference  Book  has  been  tested 
and  tried  out  in  class  work  and  individual  work  in  teaching  adult  begin- 
ners. The  State  Department  of  Education  is  publishing  the  Citizens' 
Reference  Book  in  bulletin  form  in  order  that  Worth  Carolina  may  have 
a  text  to  offer  her  citizens,  who  "have  never  had  a  chance."  That  this 
bulletin  may  be  of  real  value  in  raising  the  standard  of  citizenship  in 
North  Carolina  and  that  it  may  contribute  to  the  growth  and  happiness 
of  individual  lives  is  our  sincere  desire,  and  our  wish  is  that  each  life 
touched  and  made  better  because  of  Mrs.  Morriss'  contribution  may  not 
forget  to  be  grateful  to  her  for  the  time  and  effort  which  she  so  gener- 
ously gave  in  preparing  and  testing  material  for  the  Citizens'  Reference 
Book. 

In  completing  this  bulletin,  generous  assistance  was  received  from  men 
and  women  expert  in  the  different  subjects  undertaken.  Heartiest  thanks 
are  due: 

In  Health  Rules — Dr.  C.  L.  Minor,  Dr.  J.  B.  Greene,  Dr.  C.  H.  Cocke, 
Dr.  C.  V.  Reynolds,  Dr.  R.  G.  Wilson,  Dr.  Eugene  Cocke,  Dr.  G.  S. 
Tennent,  Dr.  L.  B.  McCormick,  and  the  Asheville  Association  of  District 
Nurses. 

In  Civics — Extension  Department,  University  of  North  Carolina,  Dr. 
F.  A.  Sondley,  Dr.  Howard  W.  Odum,  Mr.  C.  E.  Blackstock,  Judge  J".  H. 
Cathey,  Mr.  C.  C.  Proffitt,  Mrs.  Clarence  Johnson, -Miss  R.  M.  Ehren- 
feld,  Mrs.  A.  W.  Brent. 

In  Good  Receipts  for  Essential  Foods — Mrs.  G.  L.  Clement. 

In  Thrift — American  Bankers'  Association,  Mrs.  L.  E.  Gill,  Mr.  J.  B. 
Brandt,  Miss  P.  E.  Morrow. 

In  Postal  Information — Officials  of  the  Asheville  postoffice. 

In  Use  of  Library — Miss  Mary  G.  Davis,  Miss  Mary  B.  Palmer,  Miss 
Anne  Erwin,  Miss  Wil  Lou  Gray,  Mr.  Donald  Gillis,  Extension  Depart- 
ment University  of  North  Carolina. 

In  Reading — The  authors  of  the  Aldyne  and  New  Education  Readers 
for  helpful  suggestions  from  their  manuals. 

In  Spelling — The  Russell  Sage  Eoundation  for  the  use  of  Ayers'  list 
of  1,000  words,  Dr.  Sherwin  Cody  for  use  of  selections  from  the  "100% 
Speller,"  Pearson  and  Suzzallo  for  helpful  suggestions  from  "Essentials 
£»  of  Spelling,"  Miss  Edith  Child,  Mr.  James  Stone. 

to 
o 


4  EoREWOKD 

In  Arithmetic — Dr.  John  E.  Calfee  for  selection  from  "Rural  Arith- 
metic." 

In  English — Dr.  W.  E.  Chancellor  for  helpful  suggestions  from 
"Standard  Short  Course  for  Evening  Schools,"  Hammond  &  Herzberg 
for  "Address  of  Officials"  from  their  "Style  Book  of  Business  English," 
Miss  "Wil  Lou  Gray,  Miss  Frances  Kirkland,  Mr.  George  Sheehan,  Mrs. 
John  London. 

In  Typing — Emanuel  Business  College,  Miss  Mary  D.  Gibbs. 

In  Contest  and  Program  Material — Miss  Wil  Lou  Gray,  Miss  Sara  E. 
Luther,  Miss  Hattie  Boss,  Miss  Eva  Littlejohn. 

In  Suggestions  to  Teachers — The  Supervisors  of  Buncombe  County, 
1ST.  C,  Misses  Maud  Worley,  Eva  Edgerton,  and  Ethel  Bay. 

Elizabeth  Kelly, 
h    Supervisor  of  Schools  for  Adult  Illiterates. 

Raleigh,  N.  O.,  February  27,  1922. 


CONTENTS 

PART  I.   TEXT-BOOK  FOR  PUPILS 

SPELLING :  The  Ayres  List,  100  Spelling  Demons,  lists  of  fruits,  vegetables, 
farming  implements,  household  utensils,  government  words,  professions 
and  occupations,  contractions,  months,  days,  proper  names,  family  rela- 
tionships, words  of  religion,  of  education,  of  the  weather;  rules  of 
spelling;  irregular  plurals,  homonyms,  abbreviations. 

ARITHMETIC:  Examples  for  drill  in  addition,  subtraction,  multiplication 
and  division;  multiplication  tables,  tables  of  denominate  numbers,  and 
standard  measurements  in  general  use. 

ENGLISH :  Kinds  of  sentences,  capitals  and  punctuation,  parts  of  speech, 
corrections  of  some  of  the  common  errors  of  speech,  letter-writing,  sen- 
tences for  dictation  and  reference,  salutation  and  complimentary  close  for 
various  kinds  of  letters,  forms  for  family,  friendly  and  business  letters, 
addresses  of  officials,  advertisement  for  position,  and  for  lost  articles,  form 
for  telegram,  quotations. 

HEALTH  RULES. 

GOOD  RECEIPTS  FOR  ESSENTIAL  FOODS. 

PART  H.   REFERENCE  BOOK  FOR  PUPILS 

GEOGRAPHY:  Population  of  North  Carolina,  the  United  States,  and  the 
world ;  the  20  largest  cities  of  the  United  States,  with  population ;  alpha- 
betical list  of  all  counties  in  North  Carolina ;  alphabetical  list  of  the 
states  of  the  Union,  with  their  abbreviations ;  names  of  25  countries  of 
the  world. 

HISTORY:  Names  of  all  Presidents  of  the  United  States;  Preamble  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence;  Preamble  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States ;  extracts  from  Washington's  Farewell  Address ;  Lincoln's  Speech 
at  Gettysburg;  conclusion  of  Woodrow  Wilson's  message  to  Congress  on 
entrance  of  the  United  States  into  the  Great  War. 

USE  OF  THE  LIBRARY :  How  to  join  a  library ;  groups  of  books  suggested 
for  pupils'  reading;  stories  to  be  read  aloud,  fairy  stories,  hero  stories, 
out-of-door  stories,  stories  of  our  country,  stories  of  adventure,  stories  for 
girls,  poetry,  helpful  books. 

POSTAL  INFORMATION:  Addressing  mail  matter,  classes  of  mail  matter, 
game,  C.  O.  D.,  unmailable  matter,  wrapping,  liquids,  fragile  articles, 
perishable  articles,  general  delivery,  special  delivery,  money  orders. 

THRIFT :  Quotations,  budget  of  family  expenses,  "Think  and  Win,"  a  poem, 
"Maxims  of  a  Self-made  Man,"  "Facts  and  Figures,"  "The  Wonders  of 
Compound  Interest." 

CIVICS :  Public  School  System,  What  North  Carolina  is  Doing  for  Her  Chil- 
dren, County  Government,  State  Legislature  and  Governor,  State  Constitu- 
tion, Health  and  Social  Hygiene,  Taxation,  Political  Parties,  Congress, 
the  President  and  Cabinet,  the  Judiciary  System,  National,  State,  and 
Local. 


6  Contents 

INFORMATION  THE  UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT  OFFERS. 
SIMILAR  INFORMATION  FROM  THE  STATE. 

PART  m.      SUGGESTIONS  FOR  TEACHERS 

PLANS,    METHODS,    OUTLINES    AND    TEXT-BOOKS    used    in    Buncombe 
County,  N.  C. 

CONTESTS  AND  COMMENCEMENT  EXERCISES  in  adult  schools  in  North 
Carolina  and  South  Carolina,  and  Alabama. 


CITIZENS'  REFERENCE  BOOK 


COMMUNITY  SCHOOLS  FOR  ADULT  BEGINNERS 

I.  The  Three  underlying  purposes  of  Community  Schools  are : 

1.  To  help  adult  beginners  to  master  the  simple  tools  of  learning  and 
to  inspire  them  with  the  will  to  do  so  that  the  tasks  of  life  may  not  be 
impossible  for  them,  and  finally  no  problems  in  their  daily  lives  too 
difficult  for  them  to  solve  intelligently. 

2.  To  improve  the  home  environment  of  the  children  and  to  secure 
for  them  direction  and  cooperation  in  worth-while  things. 

The  average  age  of  the  pupils  being  twenty-eight  years,  most  of  them 
have  young  children.  We  believe  that  these  parents  exert  a  stronger 
influence  over  them  than  all  the  other  influences  combined.  If  we  can 
make  the  worth-while  thing  the  familiar  thing  to  the  parent,  a  better 
environment  and  a  more  normal  growth  will  be  assured  the  child.  The 
thing  that  we  are  ignorant  of,  we  instinctively  distrust. 

3.  To  secure  better  food-preparation,  health  conditions  and  habits^  of 
thrift,  through  cooperation  with  city,  county,  state  and  federal  agencies. 
In  connection  with  specially  prepared  text-books,  which  are  themselves 
simplified  civics,  bulletins  with  receipts  for  preparing  essential  foods, 
for  making  necessary  garments,  for  securing  excellent  health  conditions, 
and  thrift  bulletins  are  used  for  reading  material.  With  the  strong 
support  of  the  postoffice  officials,  clerks  and  carriers,  a  Postal  Contest 
was  held  in  which  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  pupils  did  efficient  work 
in  preparing  a  package,  a  letter  and  an  envelope  for  mailing.  One 
contest  is  planned  for  each  quarter  on  health,  with  the  county  and  state 
agencies ;  on  food,  with  various  Home  Economic  agencies ;  and  on  thrift, 
with  the  cooperation  of  the  banks.  One  of  the  readers  is  based  entirely 
on  the  Bible. 

II.  Eeasons  for  Community  Schools : 

The  answers  to  the  question,  "How  did  you  happen  to  miss  your 
chance?"  are  almost  without  exception  the  same,  "I  had  to  pull  fodder, 
or  pick  cotton,  or  work  in  the  tobacco  fields.  They  did  not  have  school 
but  three  months  and  the  school  was  so  far  away,  and  there  was  not  any 
law  to  make  us  go.  So  we  worked.  The  least  ones,  who  couldn't  do 
anything  else,  toted  water  to  the  men  in  the  field." 

A  typical  letter : 

"When  I  was  growing  up  they  had  just  four  months  school.  I  went  the  first 
month  and  then  had  to  stop  to  pull  fodder  and  couldn't  go  back  till  the  crop 
was  all  in.  So  I  got  just  about  a  month  and  a  half  in  all  every  year  for  three 
years  that  I  went." 

A  speech  made  by  a  pupil  at  a  contest : 

"I  am  an  uneducated  man  and  you  don't  expect  much  out  of  me,  but  I  will 
give  you  the  best  I  have.    A  lot  of  people  ask  me  how  come  I  started  to  a  school 


8  A  Text  and  Pefekence  Book 

of  this  kind.  The  teacher  and  my  wife  framed  up  on  me  to  get  me  started.  But 
when  you  start  a  man  of  forty-eight  like  me,  it's  mighty  hard  to  get  him 
stopped.  I  have  school  six  nights  a  week  now,  three  with  the  teacher  and 
three  with  my  wife.  This  contest  is  one  of  the  greatest  occasions  of  my  life. 
In  the  contest  today,  in  arithmetic,  I  got  hooked  up  with  a  young  fellow  of 
fifteen  and  I  beat  him. 

"Our  people  have  woke  up  to  the  fact  that  they  can  learn  something  and 
they  are  going  to  do  it.  We  don't  expect  a  college  education,  but  we  are  learn- 
ing the  things  that  we  mainly  need.  Already  we  are  having  pleasures  that  we 
could  have  entered  into  thirty  years  ago. 

"Lots  of  people  growl  about  the  taxes,  but  us  people  don't  kick.  If  it  takes 
more  money  than  the  taxes  will  pay  to  run  these  schools,  put  the  taxes  up 
higher. 

"And  you  can  believe  we're  right  behind  the  Compulsory  Education  Law 
with  all  our  might.     We  know  now  what  it  means." 

The  effort  has  been  made  to  get  together  in  this  bulletin,  under  one 
cover,  material  for : 

(a)  Pupil's  text-book; 

(b)  Pupil's  reference  book; 

(c)  Suggestions  for  teachers. 

Surely  reading,  writing  and  arithmetic,  the  elements  of  the  mother 
tongue,  a  fair  knowledge  of  our  country's  history,  and  government  and 
the  fundamentals  of  the  laws  of  health  are  the  birthright  of  every 
American. 


PART  I 

TEXT-BOOK  FOR  PUPILS 

1.  Spelling. 

2.  Arithmetic. 

3.  English. 

4.  Health  Rules. 

5.  Good  Receipts  for  Essential  Foods. 


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sure 

unable 

woman 

she 

surprise 

under 

wonder 

shed 

system 

understand 

wonderful 

ship 

unfortunate 

word 

short 

T 

unless 

work 

should 

until 

would 

shut 

take 

up 

wreck 

sick 

talk 

upon 

write 

side 

tax 

use 

written    . 

sight 

teach 

usual 

wrote 

since 

teacher 

Y 

sincerely 

tell 

V 

sir 

ten 

yard 

sister 

tenth 

vacation 

yes 

sit 

term 

various 

yesterday 

six 

terrible 

vessel 

yet 

size 

testimony 

victim 

you 

slide 

than 

view 

young 

small 

thank 

visit 

yours 

For  Pupils  and  Teachers 


15 


100   Spelling  Demons 
(Dr.  Franklin  Jones) 


ache 

again 

always 

among 

answer 

any 

been 

beginning 

believe 

blue  (color) 

break 

built 

business 

buy  (candy) 

can't 

choose 

coming 

cough 

could 

country 

dear 

doctor 

does 

done 

don't 


apple 
apricot 
banana 
cherry 


asparagus 
bean 
beet 
cabbage 


axe 

binder 

drill 


bowl 

bread-mixer 

broom 

brush 

cake  turner 

can-opener 

carpet-sweeper 


early 

many 

their 

easy 

meant 

there  (is) 

enough 

minute 

they 

every 

much 

though 

February 

none  (of  them) 

through  (the  door) 

forty 

often 

tired 

friend 

once 

tonight 

grammar 

piece 

too  (many) 

guess 

raise 

trouble 

half 

read  (a  book) 

truly 

has 

(has)  read  (it) 

Tuesday 

having 

ready 

two  (boys) 

hear  (sounds) 

red  (color) 

used 

heard 

said 

very 

here  (place) 

says 

wear  (clothes) 

hoarse  (voice) 

seems 

Wednesday 

hour 

separate 

week  (7  days) 

instead 

shed 

where  (place) 

just 

shoes 

whether  (or  not) 

knew 

since 

which 

know 

someone 

women 

laid 

straight  (ahead) 

won't 

loose 

sure 

would 

lose 

sweat 

write 

making 

tear  (the  cloth) 
Fruits 

wrote 

crabapple 

lime 

pear 

grape 

melon 

persimmon 

grapefruit 

orange 

pineapple 

lemon 

peach 

plum 
quince 

Vegetables 

chard 

okra 

spinach 

corn 

onion 

squash 

eggplant 

peas 

tomato 

lettuce 

potato 

turnip 

mustard 

salsify 

Fanning  Implements 

grain  cradle 

plough 

sickle 

harrow 

rake 

sower 

hoe 

scythe 

tractor 

mower 

shovel 

Household  Utensils 

coffee-mill 

frying-pan 

saucepan 

colander 

iron 

sieve 

cup 

ironing-board 

spoon 

duster 

kettle 

trav 

dustpan 

knife 

tub 

egg-beater 

lemon-squeezer 

washboard 

flour-sifter 

mop 

wringer 

fork 

pan 

16 


A  Text  and  Reference  Book 


Government 

ballot 

capitol 

city 

city  commissioners 

Congress 

Constitution 

county  commissioners 

Democrat 

election 

Federal 

Governor 

law 

President 

Republican 

Senate 

State 

Supreme  Court 

vote 

county 

mayor 

Professions  and  Occupations 


accountant 

architect 

baker 

banker 

barber 

bricklayer 

broker 

butcher 

carpenter 

clergyman 

clerk 

conductor 

contractor 

dairyman 

dentist 

detective 

druggist 

editor 

electrician 

engineer 


aren't — are  not 
can't — can  not 
didn't— did  not 
doesn't — does  not 
don't — do  not 
e'er — ever 
hasn't — has  not 
haven't — have  not 
he's — he  is 
I'll— I  will 
I'm — I  am 
isn't — is  not 


farmer 

paperhanger 

florist 

plasterer 

gardener 

plumber 

grocer 

policeman 

insurance  agent 

printer 

janitor 

professor 

judge 

publisher 

laborer 

sailor 

lather 

sheetmetal-worker 

lawyer 

shoemaker 

librarian 

soldier 

lumberman 

steamfitter 

manufacturer 

stenographer 

mason 

tailor 

mechanic 

teacher 

miner 

textile-worker 

minister 

truck  driver 

oculist 

typesetter 

optician 

watchman 

painter 

Contractions 

I've — I  have 

weren't — were  not 

ne'er — never 

we're — we  are 

she's — 5she  is 

we've — we  have 

shouldn't — should  not 

what's — what  is 

that's — that  is 

where's — where  is 

'tis — it  is 

won't — will  not 

there's — there  is 

wouldn't — would  not 

they'll — they  will 

you're — you  are 

they're — they  are 

you'll — you  will 

they've — they  have 

you've — -you  have 

wasn't — was  not 

we'll — we  will 

January — Jan. 
February — Feb . 
March 
April — Apr. 


Months  of  the  Year 

May 
June 
July 
August — Aug. 


September — Sept. 
October — Oct. 
November— Nov. 
December — Dec. 


Sunday — Sun. 
Monday— Mon. 


Days  of  the  Week 

Tuesday — Tues. 
Wednesday — Wed. 
Thursday — Thurs. 


Friday — Fri. 
Saturday — Sat . 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers 


17 


Proper  Names 

Edith 

Katherine 

Arthur 

John 

Elizabeth 

Lucy 

Charles 

Joseph 

Ellen 

Margaret 

Edward 

Robert 

Ethel 

Martha 

Frank 

Thomas 

Eva 

Mary 

Francis 

Walter 

Frances 

Maude 

George 

William 

Words  Pertaining  to  the  Family 

aunt 

father 

husband 

relation 

brother 

father-in-law 

mother 

sister 

child 

grandfather 

mother-in-law 

son 

cousin 

granddaughter 

nephew 

stepfather 

daughter 

grandmother 

niece 

stepmother 

daughter-in-law 

grandson 

parent 

uncle 
wife 

Words  Pertaining  to  Religion 

Baptist 

congregation 

Lutheran 

Presbyterian 

baptism 

Congregational 

meeting-house 

Protestant 

belief 

Episcopalian 

Methodist 

pulpit 

Bible 

faith 

minister 

sermon 

Catholic 

God 

missionary 

service 

Christian 

Holy  Spirit 

offering 

Sunday  school 

church 

Jesus  Christ 

prayer 

worship 

communion 

Lord 

preacher 
Education 

addition 

fractions 

language 

sentence 

arithmetic 

geography 

multiplication 

spelling 

business  letters 

grammar 

paragraph 

subtraction 

capital 

health 

personal  letters 

syllable 

civics 

history 

punctuation 

word 

division 

hygiene 

reading 
Weather 

writing 

blizzard 

flood 

melt 

sunshine 

cloudy 

fog 

mild 

thaw 

cold 

freeze 

moderate 

thunder 

cool 

hail 

rain 

unseasonable 

dew 

haze 

showers 

warm 

drought 

hot 

sleet 

wet 

dry 

ice 

snow 

windy 

lightning 

storm 

Some  Rules  of  Spelling 

Drop  silent  "e"  when  a  syllable  beginning  with  a  vowel  is  added: 
come — coming  write — writing 

give— giving 


have — having 
hope — hoping 


move — movins 


In  words  of  one  syllable,  a  single  consonant,  following  a  single  vowel,  is  doubled 
when  a  syllable  beginning  with  a  vowel  is  added: 

rub — rubbing  stir — stirred 

stop — stopping  dip— dipped 

fun — funning  can — canning 

—2 


18 


A  Text  and  Reference  Book 


The  same  rule  applies  to  words  of  more  than  one  syllable,  if  the  final  syllable  is 
accented: 

begin — beginning  forgot — forgotten 

permit — permitted  compel — compelled 

occur — occurred  forbid — forbidden 

Most  plurals  are  formed  by  adding  "s"  or  "es"  to  the  singular: 

hammer — hammers  hatchet — hatchets 

friend— friends  church — churches 

mountain — mountains  wish — wishes 

If  the  singular  ends  in  "y"  change  it  to  "i"  when  adding  "es": 

baby — babies  duty — duties 

factory — factories  berry — berries 

story — stories  county — counties 


Irregular  Plurals 


tooth — teeth 
mouse — mice 
man — men 


woman — women 
child — children 
sheep — sheep 


To  make  a  noun  in  the  singular  number  show  possession,  add  the  apostrophe  (') 
and  the  letter  "s": 


a  girl's  hat 
a  boy's  suit 
a  child's  game 


a  man's  wish 

a  woman's  dream 

a  soldier's  medal 


To  make  a  noun  in  the  plural  number  show  possession,  add  only  the  apostrophe : 
Six  girls'  hats  The  Shriners'  ball 

two  boys'  suits  the  employees'  picnic 

four  soldiers'  medals  the  ministers'  association 

If  the  plural  form  of  the  noun  does  not  end  in  "s",  add  the  apostrophe  and  "s". 
the  women's  clubs  six  oxen's  yokes 

the  children's  lessons  seven  deer's  tracks 

the  men's  camp  three  sheep's  wool 

Homonyms — Words  having  the  same  sound  but  a  different  meaning: 


ate — eight 

cell- 

-sell 

hear — here 

see- 

—sea 

bare — bear 

cent- 

-sent — scent         hole — whole 

so— 

-sew 

be — bee 

choir 

— quire 

heel — heal 

son- 

—sun 

beat — beel 

dear- 

— deer 

know — no 

there — their 

berry — bury 

dew- 

-due 

oh — owe 

to— 

-two — too 

blew — blue 

die — 

dye 

peace — piece 

waA 

— weigh 

by — buy 

flower — flour 

red — read 

write — right 

ring — wring 

Abbreviations 

acct. — account 

Col.— Colonel 

A.D. — In  the  year  of  our 

Lord 

ct. — cent 

A.M. — morning 

cwt. — hundredweight 

amt. — amount 

dept. — department 

A.  R.  C. — American  Red  Cross 

D.D. — Doctor  of  Divinitj 

Ave. — Avenue 

do. — ditto  (the  same) 

bbl. — barrel 

doz. — dozen 

B.C.— Before  Christ       • 

Dr. — doctor,  debtor 

bro. — brother 

D.  V.— God  willing 

bu. — bushel 

E. — east 

Capt. — Captain 

e.  g. — for  example 

Co. — county,  company 

et  al. — and  others 

C.  0.  D. — collect  on  delivery 

etc. — and  so  forth 

Foe  Pupils  and  Teachers 


19 


f.  o.  b. — free  on  board 

ft.— foot,  feet 

gal. — gallon 

Gen. — General 

Gov. — Governor 

Hon. — Honorable 

id. — the  same 

i.  e. — that  is 

in. — inch,  inches 

incog. — unknown 

inst. — this  month 

Jr. — junior 

Lieut . — Lieutenant 

lb. — pound 

M—  noon,  1,000 

Maj  —  Major 

M.D. — Doctor  of  Medicine 

mdse. — merchandise 

Messrs. — Gentlemen,  Sirs 

Mme. — Madam 

mo. — month 

Mr. — Mister 

Mrs. — Mistress 

N. — north 

N.  E. — northeast 

N.  B.— Note  well 

no. — number 

nos. — numbers 

N.  W. — northwest 

oz. — ounce 

p.— page 

pp. — pages 


pkg. — package 

pi. — plural 

P.M. — afternoon,  postmaster 

P.  O. — postoffice 

Pres. — president 

Prof. — professor 

prox. — next  month 

P.  S. — postscript 

pt. — pint 

qt. — quart 

Rev. — Reverend 

R.  I.  P. — May  he  rest  in  peace 

R.  R. — railroad 

S.  E. — southeast 

Sec.  or  Sec'y — secretary 

St. — street,  Saint 

Supt. — superintendent 

S.  W. — southwest 

ult. — last  month 

U.  S  —  United  States 

U.  S.  A. — United  States  of  America 

viz. — namely 

vs.  or  v. — versus  (against) 

vol. — volume 

W. — west 

wt. — weight 

yd. — yard 

Y.   M.   C.  A. — Young  Men's  Christian 

Association 
Y.  W.  C.  A. — Young  Women's  Christian 

Association 
& — and  so  forth 


ARITHMETIC  FOR  HOME  AND  CLASS  WORK 

Addition    (  + ) 

Make  figures  to  100. 

Number  the  pages  in  note  books. 

Make  a  calendar  for  the  current  month  (copied  at  first,  if  necessary). 


1  +  1  = 

2  +  1  = 

6  +  6  = 

4  +  4  = 

2  +  2  = 

2  +  3  = 

6  +  5  = 

4  +  3  = 

3  +  3  = 

3  +  4  = 

6  +  6  = 

4  +  4  = 

4  +  4  = 

4  +  5  = 

6  +  7  = 

4  +  5  = 

5  +  5  = 

5  +  6  = 

7  +  7  = 

5  +  5  = 

6  +  6  = 

6  +  7  = 

7  +  6  = 

5  +  4  = 

7  +  7  = 

7  +  8  = 

7  +  7  = 

5  +  5  = 

8  +  8  = 

8  +  9  = 

7  +  8  = 

5  +  6  = 

9  +  9  = 

8  +    8  = 

10  +  1  = 

9  +  1  = 

10  +  1  = 

8  +    7  = 

10  +  2  = 

9  +  2  = 

9  +  1  = 

8  +    8  = 

10  +  3  = 

9  +  3  = 

10  +  2  = 

8+9  = 

10  +  4  = 

9  +  4  = 

9  +  2  = 

9  +    9  = 

10  +  5  = 

9  +  5  = 

10  +  3  = 

9  +    8  = 

10  +  6  = 

9  +  6  = 

9  +  3  = 

9+9  = 

10  +  7  = 

9  +  7  = 

10  +  4  = 

9+10  = 

10  +  8  = 
10  +  9  = 

9  +  8  = 
9  +  9  = 

9  +  4  = 

10  +  5  = 

9  +  5  = 

drill  on  combinations  of  9: 

6               6 

6 

8 

8 

8 

7 

7 

7 

4               4 

2 

2 

3 

4 

1 

3 

2 

3               2 

3 

4 

3 

1 

2 

5 

2 

2               3 

4 

3 

3 

4 

6 

1 

5 

.  drill  on  combinations  of  10: 

7              7 

7 

5 

5 

.     5 

9 

9 

9 

5              4 

3 

2 

2 

1 

3 

4 

4 

2               1 

3 

2 

4 

2 

5 

3 

2 

3               5 

4 

6 

4 

7 

2 

3 

4 

Mr.  Brown  planted  17  cabbage  plants,  and  later  9  more.  How  many  did  he 
plant? 

Mrs.  Brown  had  15  rose  bushes  and  her  sister  gave  her  9  more.  How  many  did 
she  have  then? 

Climbing  over  the  10's: 


16  +  4  = 

18  +  4  = 

15  +  7  = 

17  +  6  = 

26  +  4 

26  +  4  = 

28  +  4  = 

25  +  7  = 

27  +  6  = 

76  +  4 

36  +  4  = 

38  +  4  = 

35  +  7  = 

37  +  6  = 

48  +  4 

46  +  4  = 

48  +  4  = 

45  +  7  = 

47  +  6  = 

68  +  4 

56  +  4  = 

58  +  4  = 

55  +  7  = 

57  +  6  = 

55  +  7 

66  +  4  = 

68  +  4  = 

65  +  7  = 

67  +  6  = 

85  +  7 

76  +  4  = 

78  +  4  = 

75  +  7  = 

77  +  6  = 

37  +  6 

86  +  4  = 

88  +  4  = 

85  +  7  = 

87  +  6  = 

77  +  6 

96  +  4  = 

98  +  4  = 

95  +  7  = 

97  +  6  = 

98  +  4 

At  the  picnic  there  were  16  men  and  8  women.     How  many  people  were  there? 
From  the  banks  of  the  Swannanoa,  the  men  caught  34  fish  and  the  women  caught 
9.     How  many  fish  were  caught? 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers 


21 


dd  columns  from  bottom  to  top : 

3 

1 

2 

5 

2 

3 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

2 

23         32         44        25         52 

32 

2 

4 

5 

4 

6 

7 

42         24         22         42         24 

14 

4 

5 

3 

4 

3 

2 

64         46         33         30         33 

23 

5 

3 

4 

3 

2 

1 

15         51         55         23         46 

15 

4 

4 

3 

3 

4 

3 

Test  by  adding  columns  from  top  to  bottom. 


Combinations  in  addition.     Drill  10  minutes  each  night  on  these  combinations 
until  pupil  knows  them  from  memory. 


When  pupils  know  these,  they  will  know  all  necessary  addition  combinations. 
One  train  has  15  cars  and  another  has  26.     How  many  cars  on  both  trains? 
My  ticket  cost  $24.00  and  Henry's  cost  $36.00.     How  much  did  they  both  cost? 
Add: 


.55 

.65 

.24 

.47 

.36 

.63 

.25 

.52 

.36 

.26 

.16 

.66 

.34 

.25 

.45 

.05 

.50 

.05 

.46 

.46 

.37 

.10 

.08 

.80 

$2.25 

$3  .05 

$4.62 

$2.64 

$4.24 

$3.15 

3.43 

4.62 

3.27 

7.23 

.18 

4.24 

4.16 

5.20 

4.45 

2.05 

.23 

.08 

3.24 

3.18 

6.02 

1.80 

6.05 

.75 

Mrs.  Lawrence  bought  Christmas  presents  for  her  children.  She  paid  25c.  for  a 
little  doll  and  35c.  for  its  cradle,  75c.  for  a  knife,  $1.15  for  a  railway  train,  $1.25 
for  a  story  book,  and  $2.50  for  a  pair  of  skates.     How  much  did  she  spend? 

Mrs.  Hudgins  bought  a  story  book  for  $1.15,  a  paint  box  for  45c,  a  game  for  50c, 
an  express  wagon  for  $3.25,  and  a  set  of  tools  for  $4.20.  How  much  did  she  spend 
for  Christmas  presents? 


22  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

Find  the  amount  due  on  the  following  bill : 


April  22,  1922 
THE  BROWN  GROCERY  CO. 

ASHEVILLE,  N.  C. 

Sold  to  Miss  Mary  Young, 

28  Haywood  Road 

Mar.    12 
16 
19 

27 
"       29 

3  doz.  eggs  @  35c. 

$       1 
2 
1 

05 
40 
60 
90 
40 

(Total 

here) 

Subtraction  ( — ) 


Subtraction  Drill: 

4        5 

,  6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

2        2 

3 

4 

4 

6 

5 

9 

9 

8 

7 

8 

7 

8 

9 

3 

2 

3 

3 

3 

8 

2 

3 

7 

6 

7 

9 

9 

4 

2 

5 

4 

6 

8 

7 

5 

5 

6 

8 

5 

2 

5 

7 

4 

8 

6 

9 

9 

6 

7 
2 

4 
3 
2 

5 
3 
6 

7 

6 
5 
4 

4 
9 

8 

Drill  10  minutes  each  night  on  subtracting  the  numbers  in  each  column  from 
the  numbers  above  the  line.  When  pupils  know  the  relations  of  these  numbers  to 
each  other  in  subtraction,  they  will  know  all  of  the  basic  subtraction  facts. 

Make  figures  from  10  to  1 ;  from  20  to  1 ;  from  30  to  1 ;  from  40  to  1 ;  from  50  to  1. 


2  —  1  = 

19  — 

10  = 

19  — 

9  = 

17 

—  10  = 

4  —  2  = 

18  — 

10  = 

18  — 

9  = 

17 

—    9  = 

6  —  3  = 

17  — 

10  = 

17  — 

9  = 

15 

—  10  = 

8  —  4  = 

16  — 

10  = 

16  — 

9  = 

15 

—    9  = 

10  —  5  = 

15  — 

10  = 

15  — 

9  = 

13 

—  10  = 

12  —  6  = 

14  — 

10  = 

14  — 

9  = 

13 

—    9  = 

14  —  7  = 

13  — 

10  = 

13  — 

9  = 

16 

—  10  = 

16  —  8  = 

12  — 

10  = 

12  — 

9  = 

16 

—    9  = 

18  —  9  = 

11  — 

10  = 

11  — 

9  = 

14 

—    9  = 

Subtract: 

8 

6 

9 

17 

86 

69 

97 

54 

4 

2 

3 

4 

42 

23 

34 

22 

16           16 

16 

12 

12 

12 

14 

14 

15 

13 

9             8 

7 

9 

8 

6 

5 

8 

9 

9 

Foe  Pupils  and  Teachers  23 

Mrs.  Harris  planted  17  tomato  plants  and  9  of  them  died.     How  many  were  left? 
Mrs.  Farlow  had  15  rose  bushes  and  gave  her  sister  9  of  them.     How  many  did 
she  keep? 
Climbing  backward  over  the  10's: 


11  —  3  = 

14  —  6  = 

15  —  7  = 

41  —  3  = 

21  —  3  = 

24  —  6  = 

25  —  7  = 

61  —  3  = 

31  —  3  = 

34  —  6  = 

35  —  7  = 

34  —  6  = 

41  —  3  = 

44  —  6  = 

45  —  7  = 

77  —  6  = 

51  —  3  = 

54  —  6  = 

55  —  7  = 

25  —  7  = 

61  —  3  = 

64  —  6  = 

65  —  7  = 

85  —  7  = 

71  —  3  = 

77  —  6  = 

75  —  7  = 

51  —  3  = 

81  —  3  = 

84  —  6  = 

85  —  7  = 

35  —  7  = 

91  —  3  = 

94  —  6  = 

95  —  7  = 

SI  —  3  = 

Subtract: 

41     61 

34 

74 

25 

85 

51 

35     81 

3      3 

6 

6 

7 

7 

3 

7      3 

At  the  picnic  there  were  16  men  and  8  women.  How  many  more  men  than 
women  were  there? 

The  men  caught  34  fish  and  the  women  caught  9.  How  many  more  fish  did  the 
men  catch? 


:t: 

63 
12 

48 
22 

69 
32 

74 
35 

389 
127 

646 
103 

62 
13 

42 

28 

60 
35 

73 
56 

384 
107 

645 

277 

One  train  has  26  cars  and  another  has  15.  How  many  more  has  one  than  the 
other? 

My  ticket  cost  $24.00  and  Henry's  cost  $36.00.  How  much  more  did  his  cost 
than  mine? 


Subtract: 

$6.00 
1.25 

$5.00 
3.50 

$8.07 
1.10 

$7.00 
.75 

$8.75 
3.48 

$4.05 
2.10 

$17.00 
6.58 

$40  .20 
13.56 

$50  .01 

28.35 

$64  .30 
8.25 

$90  .00 
7.18 

$32.10 
16.75 

Test  each  example  by  adding  together  the  subtrahend  and  the  remainder.  Their 
sum  should  equal  the  minuend. 

If  Mrs.  Sams  has  $25.50  and  spends  $5.00  for  her  daughter's  birthday  present 
and  $3.50  for  an  umbrella  for  her  sister,  how  much  will  she  have  left? 

Mrs.  Watkins  had  $25.50  and  gave  a  picnic  for  her  son.  She  bought  sandwiches 
for  $2.45,  ice  cream  for  $1.50,  a  cake  for  $1.00,  and  candy  for  $2.00.  How  much 
money  did  she  have  left? 


24 


A  Text  and  Reference  Book 
Multiplication    ( X ) 


Multiplication  Tables: 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

2 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

3 

6 

9 

12 

15 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

4 

8 

12 

16' 

20 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

6 

12 

IS 

24 

30 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

7 

14 

21 

28 

35 

42 

49 

56 

63 

70 

77 

84 

8 

16 

24 

32 

40 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

88 

96 

9 

18 

27 

36 

45 

54 

63 

72 

81 

90 

99 

108 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

110 

120 

11 

22 

33 

44 

55 

66 

77 

88 

99 

110 

121 

132 

12 

24 

36 

48 

60 

72 

84 

96 

108 

120 

132 

144 

Pupil  will  build  up  these  tables  for  himself.     Drill  first  on  2's,  5's,  and  10's. 
Drill  for  review  (5  minutes). 


4X9  = 

2  X  12  = 

4  X  10  = 

4  X  12  = 

2  X  9  = 

3  X  10 

6X6  = 

3X8  = 

5  X    8  = 

6X8  = 

3X6  = 

5X6 

3  X  12  = 

6X4  = 

8  X    5  = 

8X6  = 

6X3  = 

6X5 

9  X    4  = 

8X3  = 

10  X     4  = 

12  X     4  = 

9X2  = 

10  X    3 

12  X     3  = 

12  X    2  = 

Drill  for  review  (10  minutes). 


Add: 

Multiply: 

Add: 

Multiply: 

Add: 

Multiply 

6 

6 

7 

7 

9 

9 

6 

3 

7 

3 

9 

3 

.6 

— 

7 

— 

9 

— 

For  Pupils  and  Teachers 


25 


Multiply  : 
28 
2 


46 
3 


75 
4 


39 
5 


48 
6 


83 

7 


90 


486 
2 


684 
3 


573 
4 


842 
5 


908 
6 


700 
9 


What  will  you  pay  for: 

9  quarts  of  milk  at  22c.  a  quart? 

7  cans  of  peaches  at  24c.  a  can? 

4  bushels  of  potatoes  at  $1.25  a  bushel? 

2  cows  at  $54.00  apiece? 

5  horses  at  $133.00  apiece? 

6  bushels  of  wheat  at  98c.  a  bushel? 

8  bushels  of  oats  at  66c.  a  bushel? 

3  bushels  of  corn  at  65c.  a  bushel? 

2  barrels  of  apples  at  $2.75  a  barrel? 
How  much  will  you  save  if  your  farm  supplies  you  with  these  things? 


Multiply: 

$24 .25 
6 

$46  .08 

7 

725 
.37 

$60  .89 
4 

801 

.48 

$37  .42 
3 

478 

.28 

864 
.46 

700 
.25 

467 
10 

784 
100 

897 
201 

218 
.07 

506 
.09 

2,428 
302 

3 ,636 
347 

7,462 
406 

3,004 
537 

5,637 
703 

Mr.  Howell  earns  $95.50  a  month.     How  much  will  he  earn  in  9  months? 

His  expenses  are  $53.85  a  month.     How  much  will  they  be  in  9  months? 

If  he  earns  $859.50  and  his  expenses  are  $484.65,  how  much  can  he  save  in  9 
months? 

What  will  he  probably  do  with  his  extra  money? 

Mr.  Reed  raises  34  bushels  of  corn  to  an  acre.     How  much  corn  can  he  raise 
on^46  acres? 

Division    ( -e- ) 

Quick  drill  in  division  (10  minutes). 


Begin  with  2's  and  5's  in  center. 


26  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 


2X6  = 

4X9 

=                   6  X 

4  = 

8 

X  5  = 

12  -T-  6  = 

36  -^ 

4 

=                          24   -r- 

6  = 

40 

-f-  8  = 

12  -h  2  = 

36  -=- 

9 

24  + 

4  = 

40 

-=-5  = 

Drill  for  review 

(10  minutes). 

4X4  = 

6X8  = 

4X7  = 

7X7  = 

3X9 

16  -=-  4  = 

48  -f-  6  = 

28  -5-  7  = 

49  -=-  7  = 

27-^-3 

5X6  = 

9X6  = 

5X9  = 

8  X  4  = 

5  X  8 

30  -i-  5  = 

54  -h  9  = 

45  -T-  9  = 

32-7-4  = 

40  ^  8 

7X3  = 

6X4  = 

6X7  = 

9X6  = 

7X5 

21  -s-  3  = 

24  -^  6  = 

42  -5-  7  = 

54  -r-   9  = 

35  -T-  5 

Divide: 

7  )~28~            6  )~42~            I 

r 

35~            4)~2S~ 

9)"54 

8)1 

4  )  572             6  )  858             5  )  875  8  )  672             7  )  455             9  )  657 

To  prove:    Multiply  the  divisor  by  the  quotient,  adding  the  remainder.     This* 
answer  should  equal  the  dividend. 

143                  Proof:  J59                  Proof: 

4)"572                     143  6)954                     159 

4  6 

572  954 

3  rocking  chairs  cost  $18.00.     How  much  did  each  one  cost? 

4  iron  beds  cost  $56.00.     What  did  each  bed  cost? 

Divide: 

24)~672                    36)~768  47  )~896                     54  )~695 

63  )  $45  .76               27  )  $65  .48  34  )  $72  .08               73  )~$98~756 

25  )  14 ,265              32)  48,036  46  )  60 ,000               49  )  40  ,276 


321  )  9 ,847  324  )  47 ,206  236  )  36 ,247  408  )  23 ,034 

Mrs.  Gentry  spent  $125.50  for  18  hogs.     How  much  did  each  hog  cost? 

Mr.  Fore  raised  440  bushels  of  wheat  on  20  acres  of  land.  How  many  bushels 
per  acre? 

Mr.  Quinn  raised  1,260  bushels  of  corn  on  30  acres  of  land.     How  much  per  acre? 

Mr.  Hollingsworth  spends  $507.00  a  year  for  groceries.  How  much  does  that 
average  per  month?     How  much  per  week? 

Mr.  Harper  pays  $36.00  a  year  for  his  telephone  rent.  How  much  is  that  per 
month? 

Mr.  Solesbee  paid  $21.75  for  3  tons  of  coal.     How  much  did  it  cost  per  ton? 

Mr.  McCarson  sold  45  acres  of  land  for  $2,290.00.  How  much  did  he  get  per 
acre? 

If  21  members  of  the  Farmers'  Federation  sold  their  potatoes  together  for 
$2,583.00,  how  much  was  the  equal  share  of  each? 

If  the  Farmers'  Federation  sold  276  bushels  of  apples  for  $248.40,  how  much 
did  they  get  per  bushel? 

How" man v  bushels  of  potatoes  would  they  have  to  sell  at  $1.25  per  bushel  to- 
get  $532.50?" 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers 


27 


Fractions: 


Point  out  Y2,  M,  h  and  tV  of  this  square 
Shade  these  squares  to  show: 

y2  =  t  =  1  =  a 


Show  that: 


Hoi  12  = 

frof  12  = 

Mof  12 

y2o(2o  = 

|  of  24  = 

1^  of  24 

y2  of  10  = 

|  of  30  = 

Mof  36 

H  of  14  = 

{of    9  = 

Mof  40 

If  oranges  cost  48c.  a  dozen,  what  will  Y2  of  a  dozen  cost? 

At  30c.  a  dozen,  what  will  J^  of  a  dozen  lemons  cost? 

How  many  eggs  in  %  of  a  dozen? 

How  do  you  find  l/i  of  a  dozen? 

How  do  you  find  %  of  a  dozen? 

If  J^  yard  of  cloth  costs  64c,  what  will  a  yard  cost? 

Tables  of  Measure 

Liquid  Measure 


4  gills 

= 

1  pint 

2  pints 

= 

1  quart 

4  quarts 

= 

1  gallon 

At  12c.  a  quart,  what  will  a  gallon  of  milk  cost? 

How  many  quarts  in  a  gallon? 

How  many  pints  in  a  gallon? 

If  a  quart  of  milk  costs  10c,  what  will  24  pints  cost? 

If  a  pint  of  cream  costs  32c,  what  will  5  gallons  cost? 

If  a  pint  of  buttermilk  costs  4c,  how  much  will  8  quarts  cost? 


Dry  Measure 


2  pints 
8  quarts 
4  pecks 


1  quart 
1  peck 
1  bushel 


What  will  Mr.  Fairchild  pay  for  1  bushel  of  apples  at  32c  a  peck? 

What  will  Mr.  Banks  pay  for  1  peck  of  potatoes  at  $1.25  a  bushel? 

If  1  peck  of  pears  costs  35c,  how  much  would  Mr.  Reavis  pay  for  48  quarts? 

If  1  bushel  of  tomatoes  costs  $1.20,  what  will  Mr.  Corn  pay  for  36  pecks? 

At  12c  a  quart  for  blackberries,  how  much  would  Mrs.  Farlow  pay  for  6  pecks? 

(Use  advertisements  in  local  papers  as  a  basis  for  local  problems.) 


Problems  Submitted  by  Teachers  in  Asheville  Summer  School,  July,  1921, 
in  Course,  "Methods  for  Teaching  Adult  Beginners" 

Addition 

1.  Mrs.  Rochester  has  10  hens,  and  her  son  has  10.     How  many  hens  have 
they  both? 

2.  If  Mr.  O'Kelly  has  §25  in  the  bank  and  puts  in  $12  more,  how  much  will 
he  then  have? 


28  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

3.  Mr.  Harris  has  65  sheep  in  one  pasture,  36  in  one,  and  25  in  another. 
How  many  sheep  has  he? 

4.  Mrs.  Burrell  raised  250  chickens  and  her  daughter  raised  147.  How 
many  did  both  raise? 

5.  How  much  money  will  Mrs.  Buckner  have  if  she  makes  a  dress  for  $12, 
a  waist  for  $7,  and  a  suit  for  $23  ? 

6.  If  Miss  Shook  pays  $4.25  for  voile  for  a  dress,  and  pays  the  dressmaker 
$3.75  for  making  it,  how  much  will  the  dress  cost  her? 

7.  If  Miss  Fox  pays  $4.25  for  organdie,  10c.  for  thread,  50c.  for  buttons,  and 
40c.  for  a  pattern,  and  makes  it  herself,  what  will  her  dress  cost? 

8.  Mrs.  Arrowood  sold  $2.45  worth  of  eggs  in  June,  $1.85  worth  in  July,  and 
75c.  worth  in  August.    How  much  did  she  make? 

9.  Last  week  Mr.  Jenkins  earned  $48.  His  car  fare  was  60c,  a  money  order 
was  $17,  and  his  grocery  bill  was  $10.    How  much  did  he  spend? 

10.  Mr.  Spark's  grocery  bill  was:  Sugar,  $2.50;  flour,  $3.98,  meat,  $2.25, 
oranges,  $1.48,  and  apples  64c.    What  was  the  total  amount  of  his  bill? 

11.  Talmage  bought  the  following  for  a  picnic  dinner:  Bananas,  $1.05; 
lemons,  40c. ;  sandwiches,  $2.18 ;  fried  chicken,  $1.80 ;  peaches,  95c.  How  much 
did  he  spend  on  the  picnic? 

Subtraction 

1.  Mr.  Hollifield  had  8  bushels  of  potatoes.  He  sold  4  bushels  to  Mr.  Davis. 
How  many  bushels  has  he  left? 

2.  Mr.  Stone  has  47  head  of  sheep  and  sells  Mr.  Clayton  14  head.  How 
many  has  he  left? 

3.  Mr.  Hawkins  bought  a  home  for  $5,342,  and  sold  it  for  $8,765.  How 
much  did  he  gain? 

4.  Mi-.  Ritchie  had  385  sheep  and  sold  130  of  them.  How  many  did  he 
have  left? 

5.  If  Santa  Claus  has  488  presents  and  gives  399  to  children,  how  many  has 
he  left  for  grown  people? 

6.  Mr.  Burnett  earns  $45  a  week  and  his  expenses  are  $28.25  a  week.  How 
much  can  he  save  for  a  bank  account? 

7.  If  Mrs.  Stone  sells  $38.25  worth  of  milk  and  butter  in  a  month,  and  it 
costs  $15.75  to  feed  the  cow,  how  much  can  she  clear? 

8.  If  Mrs.  Cook  had  50c.  and  spent  18c.  for  thread,  how  much  did  she  have 
left? 

9.  Mr.  Fore  had  $7,888,  and  bought  a  farm  for  $5,999.  How  much  did  he 
have  left  for  equipment? 

Multiplication 

1.  Homer  has  10c,  Woodrow  has  4  times  as  much.    How  much  has  Woodrow? 

2.  If  corn  costs  75c  a  bushel,  how  much  would  5  bushels  cost? 

3.  If  one  horse  costs  $285,  what  will  Mr.  Stevens  have  to  pay  for  4  horses 
at  the  same  price? 

4.  Mr.  Black  raised  1,231  bushels  of  corn,  and  Mr.  Waycaster  raised  3  times 
that  much.     How  much  did  Mr.  Waycaster  raise? 

5.  How  much  will  Mr.  Ray  have  in  the  bank  at  the  end  of  the  year  if  he 
saves  $9  each  month? 

6.  There  are  22  pupils  in  a  community  school.  If  they  spend  90c.  each  for 
their  buoks,  what  will  the  books  for  the  whole  class  cost? 

7.  If  Mr.  Penland  pays  $11.50  house  rent  each  month,  how  much  rent  will  he 
pay  in  12  months?    Would  it  be  better  for  him  to  buy  a  home? 

8.  If  it  costs  Mrs.  Young  $12.85  to  run  her  house  for  one  week,  how  much 
will  it  cost  for  4  weeks? 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers  29 

9.  If  Mr.  Smart  pays  27c.  a  gallon  for  gasoline,  what  will  7  gallons  cost  him? 

10.  Mr.  Butler  bought  8  horses  at  $150.    What  did  they  cost  him? 

11.  Mrs.  Hensley  paid  32c.  for  1  dozen  eggs.     What  will  5  dozen  eggs  cost 
her? 

12.  If  the  train  runs  30  miles  an  hour,  how  far  can  Mrs.  Callaway  ride  in 
6  hours? 

Division 

1.  Martin  has   10  apples  to  divide  equally   among  5   friends.     How  many 
apples  will  each  get? 

2.  If  Mrs.  Sprouse  has  86  chickens  and  sells  %  of  them,  how  many  does 
she  sell? 

3.  How  many  hats  can  Mrs.  Brackett  buy  for  her  store  with  $49  if  each  hat 
costs  $7? 

4.  Mr.    Fairchild   divided   $248  equally   between   himself   and   his   brother. 
What  was  the  share  of  each? 

5.  What  is  the  average  amount  each  month  for  church  collection,  if  $360  is 
the  total  amount  for  the  year? 

6.  Mrs.  Mooneyham  has  $1.32  in  change.     How  many  children  can  she  carry 
to  the  picnic  on  the  street  car  if  the  round  trip  fare  is  12c.  for  each  child? 

7.  How  long  will  it  take  Dewey  to  save  $27  if  he  puts  $3  in  the  bank  every 
week  ? 

8.  Mr.  Hunsinger  makes  $78  in  a  month  and  spends  %  of  it  for  rent.     How 
much  is  his  rent? 

9.  Mr.  Elkins  has  $196  to  spend  for  shoes  for  his  store.     How  many  pairs 
can  he  get  at  $7  each?    At  $4  each? 

10.  If  Mrs.  Kuykendall  pays  $1.60  for  5  dozen  eggs,  what  does  she  pay  for 
1  dozen? 

11.  A  blacksmith  has  162  horseshoes.     How  many  horses  can  he  shoe  with 
4  shoes  each?    How  many  will  be  left? 

12.  If  there  are  342  pupils  in  community  schools  and  %  of  them  take  part 
in  the  health  contest,  how  many  take  part? 

Suggested  Lessons  in  Arithmetic,  for  Use  in  Opportunity  Schools 

in  Arkansas 

Lesson  I. — 

1234567890  (Drill  on  reading  and  writing  in  all  combinations  from  1  to 
100  orally,  with  pencils  and  on  blackboard). 

II.  Addition  (  +  )—  7  hens  6  hens 

1  cow  2  pigs  5  hats  3  tables  2  hens  2  pigs 

2  cows  3  pigs  2  hats  2  tables  5  hens  3  cows 


$12  $0  .03  $1 .71  $  dollar  sign  1  Makes  "carrying" 

3  .20  .21  1  cent  sign      j      easy. 

.10  ; 

1.  A  man  pays  $59  for  a  wagon  and  $19  for  harness.     How  much  does  he  pay? 

2.  If  Mrs.  Jones  pays  me  $.08  today  for  stamps  and  $.17  for  envelopes,  how 
much  does  she  pay  me? 

III.  Subtraction  ( — ) — 

3  men  6  trees  7  girls  S  pens  $15  $72  $6 .00 

1  man  3  trees  5  girls  2  pens  12  26  4 .20 


1.  John  Jones  buys  12  pure  bred  hens  and  sells  his  neighbor  8  of  them.     How 
many  does  he  keep? 

2.  Mr.  Harris  makes  200  bushels  of  sweet  potatoes.     He  gives  his  son  15  bushels 
and  sells  76  bushels.     How  many  does  he  keep? 


30                                A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

IV.  Multiplication  (X) — 

3           1           7  chicks       9  10  cows       15         $42         $1.12         52         22 

2           8           2                  2  3                  2             2                 4           5         11 


1.  Mr.  Brown  buys  3  lbs.  of  sugar  at  $  .10  a  lb.  How  much  money  does  he  owe? 
He  gives  the  grocer  $  .50.     How  much  does  he  receive? 

V.  Division  (-5-)- — 

What  is  half  of  2?     What  is  a  third  of  6?     What  is  a  fourth  of  12? 
This  is  the  same  as  2  -j-  1;  6  -r-  3;  12  -f-  4,  etc. 

1.  Irene  has  66  strawberry  plants  and  wants  to  divide  them  evenly  into  3  beds. 
How  many  does  she  put  in  each? 

2.  There  are  6  members  of  the  family  and  they  invite  4  from  one  family  and  8 
from  another.  They  want  to  put  the  same  number  in  each  car  and  have  2 
cars.     How  many  will  be  in  each? 

VI.  U.  S.  Money— 
What  is  a  nickel? 
What  is  a  dime? 
What  is  a  quarter? 
What  is  a  half-dollar? 
What  is  a  dollar? 

How  many  one-cent  stamps  can  you  buy  for  a  dime? 

How  many  two-cent  stamps  can  you  buy  for  a  dime? 

How  many  five-cent  pencils  can  you  buy  for  a  quarter? 

How  many  apples  can  you  buy  for  15  cents  if  apples  cost  3  cents  each? 

If  cotton  is  8  cents  a  lb.,  what  will  a  500-lb.  bale  sell  for? 

If  cotton  is  8  cents  a  lb.,  what  will  a  550-lb.  bale  sell  for? 

VII.  Fractions— 

Use  only  such  fractional  forms  as  are  practical  for  the  community.  Teach 
fractions  as  a  form  of  division  because  they  already  understand  division. 
Teach  to  write:  %,  ~h  H,  h  etc.     Teach  by  objects. 

1.  A  lady  ordered  a  bushel  of  tomatoes  at  $1.40  a  bushel.  They  delivered  only 
half  of  them.     What  did  she  have  to  pay? 

2.  Mr.  Brown  owns  75  acres  and  has  \  of  it  under  cultivation.  What  part  of 
his  farm  is  uncultivated? 

VIII.  Problems  (Only  a  few  can  be  suggested  here.     Make  problems  dealing  with 
practical  local  conditions) : 

How  many  cents  in  a  nickel?     In  a  dime?     How  many  nickels  in  a  quarter,  two 

dimes,  and  one  dollar?     How  many  quarters  in  $1.75? 
I  have  two  one-dollar  bills,  three  half-dollars,  one  quarter,  two  dimes,  and  one 

nickel.     How  much  money  do  I  have? 
If  molasses  is  worth  20c.  a  quart,  how  much  will  \\i  gallons  cost? 
I  paid  35c.  for  a  broom,  30c.  for  a  tooth-brush,  and  10c.  for  a  bar  of  soap.     If 

I  gave  the  clerk  a  $1  bill,  how  much  change  should  I  receive? 
If  I  work  8  hours  at  15c.  an  hour,  how  much  will  I  earn? 
If  I  sell  you  5  dozen  eggs  at  30c.  a  dozen,  how  much  will  you  owe  me?     How 

many  yards  of  cloth  can  I  buy,  if  you  are  selling  cloth  at  25c.  a  yard? 
In  this  district  there  are children  of  school  age.     Only are  in 

school.     How  many  are  out?  If  each  day  in  school  is  worth  $1,  how  much  does 

our  district  waste  during  a  six  months  school  term? 
Drill!  drill!  drill!     Repeat  each  night  all  principles  learned  the  preceding  night. 

Insist  that  the  problems  be  put  on  paper.  Many  can  work  in  their  heads  what 
they  can't  write  on  paper. 

These  are  merely  suggestions  to  be  changed  and  revised  by  the  teacher  to  suit 
the  needs  of  each  particular  community.  Lumber  problems  for  lumber  towns; 
farming  problems  for  rural  communities,  and  always  problems  of  trading.  Begin 
with  simple  problems;  never  make  the  numbers  so  large  that  the  principle  is  lost 
in  working  for  the  numbers. 


ENGLISH 

(1)  A  sentence  is  a  group  of  words  that  make  complete  sense ;  as,  "Our 
•county  lias  140  miles  of  good  roads." 

(2)  There  are  four  kinds  of  sentences: 

A  declarative,  or  telling  sentence ;  as,  "Our  soldiers  are  brave." 

An  interrogative,  or  asking  sentence;  as,  "Have  you  paid  your  taxes?" 

An  imperative,  or  commanding  sentence ;  as,  "Be  quiet." 

An  exclamatory  sentence,  one  of  strong  feeling ;  as,  "How  kind  you  are !" 

(3)  A  sentence  has   two  parts,   subject  and  predicate.     The  thing  talked 
about  is  the  subject ;  what  is  said  about  the  subject  is  the  predicate. 

(4)  In  the  sentence  "Mary  canned  cherries  today,"  Mary  is  the  subject  and 
"canned  cherries  today"  is  the  predicate. 

(5)  If  the  subject  is  in  the  singular  number,  the  predicate  must  be  in  the 

singular  number ;  as;  "She  sees  the  rainbow." 
If  the  subject  is  in  the  plural  number,  the  predicate  verb  must  be  in  the 
plural  number ;  as,  "They  see  the  rainbow." 

(6)  Sentences  that  relate  to  the  same  subject  are  grouped  in  paragraphs. 
"The  first  line  of  each  paragraph  is  indented  or  set  back  from  the  margin. 

Capitals  and  Punctuation 

(1 )   A  capital  letter  is  used  for  :  The  first  word  in  every  sentence  ;  as,  "Bread 
is  the  staff  of  life." 
The  first  word  of  every  line  of  poetry ;  as, 
"Speak  gently ;  it  is  better  far 
To  rule  by  love  than  fear." 
The  names  of  people  and  places ;  as,  Robt.  E.  Lee,  Virginia. 
The  words  I  and  O ;  as,  "I  came,  I  saw,  1  conquered,"  and  "Be  glad, 

O  ye  righteous." 
The  days  of  the  week  and  the  months  of  the  year ;  as,  Sunday,  October. 
Holidays  :  as,  Christmas,  Thanksgiving. 
The  names  of  God ;  as,  Jesus  Christ,  Jehovah,  Lord. 
The  first  word  of  a  formal  quotation ;  as,  "Judge  not  that  ye  be  not 
judged." 

<(2)   A  period  is  placed: 

After  a  declarative   (telling)   sentence;  as,  "Wise  parents  are  a  child's 
best  asset." 
•    After  an  imperative  (commanding)  sentence;  as,  "Pay  your  taxes." 
After  abbreviations ;  as,  Mr. 

(3)  The  question  mark  is  used  after  an  interrogative  sentence   (one  that 

asks  a  question)  ;  as,  "Did  you  have  an  exhibit  at  the  fair?" 

(4)  The  exclamation  point  is  used  after  an  exclamatory    (a   sentence   of 
strong  feeling)  ;  as,  "Run  for  your  life !" 

(5)  The  hyphen  is  used: 

To  divide  compound  words :  as,  to-day. 
To  divide  words  at  the  end  of  a  line ;  as.  ba- 
by. 

(6)  The  comma  is  used  in  a  sentence  when  a  pause  is  needed;  as,  "Yes,  I 
.saw  her." 


32 


A  Text  and  Reference  Book 


(7)  The  colon  is  used: 

After  the  salutation  in  a  letter-heading ;  as,  Dear  Sir : 
Before  a  formal  quotation ;  as,  Patrick  Henry  said :  "Give  me  liberty  or 
give  me  death." 

(8)  Quotation  marks  are  used  to  enclose  the  exact  words  of  another  person; 
as,  He  said,  "Be  joyful." 

(9)  The  apostrophe  is  used: 

To  show  possession ;  as,  Mary's  lamb. 

To  show  that  letters  are  left  out  of  certain  words ;  as,  don't. 


Parts  of  Speech 


1  Nouns 

2  Pronouns 

3  Verbs 

4  Adjectives 


5  Adverbs 

6  Prepositions 

7  Conjunctions 

8  Interjections 


A  noun  is  the  name  of  a  person,  place  or  thing ;  as,  Pershing,  France,  book. 
A  common  noun  is  the  name  of  a  class  of  things ;  as,  chair,  candy,  grapes. 
A  proper  noun  is  the  name  of  individual  persons ;  as,  Wilson,  Washington; 
New  York. 

Nouns  are  of  three  genders : 
Masculine;  as,  rooster. 
Feminine ;  as,  hen. 
Neuter ;  as,  river. 

Nouns  have  three  cases : 

Nominative — the  subject. 
Objective — the  direct  object. 
Possessive — showing  possession. 

Nouns  have  two  numbers,  singular  and  plural.     The  singular,  denotes  one,, 
and  the  plural  more  than  one. 
A  pronoun  is  a  word  that  is  used  for  a  noun ;  as,  I,  you,  they. 
Pronouns  have  the  same  genders,  numbers  and  persons  that  nouns  have. 


DECLENSION   OF  PERSONAL  PRONOUNS 


Nominative  Case 

Singular  Number 
1st    person         I 


Objective  Case 

Singular  Number 
1st    person        me 


2nd  person         you 

(thou) 

2nd  person         you 

3rd  person         he,  she, 

it 

3rd  person        him, 

Plural  Number 

Plural  Number 

1st   person        we 

1st    person        us 

2nd  person         you 

2nd  person         you 

3rd  person         they 

3rd  person        them 

it 


Singular  Number 
1st    person         my,  mine 
2nd  person         you,  yours 
3rd  person         his,  her  or  hers,  its 


Possessive  Case 

Plural  Number 
1st    person         our,  ours 
2nd  person         your,  yours 
3rd  person         their,  theirs 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers 


33 


The  first  person  denotes  the  speaker,  the  second  the  person  spoken  to,  and 
the  third  the  person  spoken  of. 

A  verb  is  a  word  that  asserts  action,  or  a  state  of  being ;  as,  love,  be,  write. 

The  principal  parts  of  a  verb  are  the  present  tense,  past  tense  and  past 
participle. 

The  other  tenses  of  the  verb  are  formed  from  these  three. 

A  regular  verb  forms  its  past,  and  past  participle  tense  by  adding  d  or  ed  to 
the  present ;  as, 


Present 
love 
look 
learn 


Past 
loved 
looked 
learned 


Past  Participle 
loved 
looked 
learned 


An  irregular  verb  forms  its  past  tense  and  past  participle  by  changing 
word  itself,  not  by  adding  d  or  ed  to  the  present ;  as, 


the 


Present 
eat 
see 
take 


Past 
ate 
saw 
took 


Past  Participle 
eaten 
seen 
taken 


Conjugation   of   the   Verb — Indicative   Mode 


Present  Tense 


Active  Voice 


Singular  number 
1st  person —    I  obey 
2nd  person —  You  obey 
3rd  person —  He,  she,  or  it  obeys 

Plural  number 
1st  person —    We  obey 
2nd  person—  You  obey 
3rd  person —  They  obey 


Passive  Voice 
Singular  number 
1st  person —  I  am  obeyed 
2nd  person —  You  are  obeyed 
3rd  person—  He  is  obeyed 

Plural  number 
1st  person —  We  are  obeyed 
.2nd  person —  You  are  obeyed 
3rd  person —  They  are  obeyed 


Past  Tense 


Active  Voice 
Singular  number 
1st  person —    I  obeyed 
2nd  person —  You  obeyed 
3rd  person- —  He,  she,  or  it  obeyed 

Plural  number 
1st  person —    We  obeyed 
2nd  person —  You  obeyed 
3rd  person —  They  obeyed 


Passive  Voice 


Singular  number 
1st  person —  I  was  obeyed 
2nd  person —  You  were  obeyed 
3rd  person — •  He  was  obeyed 

Plural  number 
1st  person —  We  were  obeyed 
2nd  person —  You  were  obeyed 
3rd  person —  They  were  obeyed 


Singular  number 
1st  person —    I  shall  obey 
2nd  person —  You  will  obey 
3rd  person —  He,  she,  or  it  will  obey 

Plural  number 
1st  person —    We  shall  obey 
2nd  person —  You  will  obey 
3rd  person —  They  will  obey 
—3 


Future  Tense 

Singular  number 
1st  person —  I  shall  be  obejred 


2nd  person —  You  will  be  obeyed 
3rd  person —  He  will  be  obeyed 

Plural  number 
1st  person —  We  shall  be  obeyed 
2nd  person —  You  will  be  obeyed 
3rd  person —  They  will  be  obeyed 


34 


A  Text  and  Reference  Book 


Singular  number 


Present  Perfect  Tense 


1st  person —    I  have  obeyed 

2nd  person—  You  have  obeyed 

3rd  person —  He,  she,  or  it  has  obeyed 


Plural  number 
1st  person —    We  have  obeyed 
2nd  person — ■  You  have  obeyed 
3rd  person —  They  have  obeyed 


Singular  number 
1st  person —  I  have  been  obeyed 
2nd  person —  You  have  been  obeyed 
3rd  person —  He  has  been  obeyed 

Plural  number 
1st  person—  We  have  been  obeyed 
2nd  person —  You  have  been  obeyed 
3rd  person —  They  have  been  obeyed 


Past  Perfect  Tense 


Singular  number 
1st  person —    I  had  obeyed 
2nd  person —  You  had  obeyed 
3rd  person —  He,  she,  or  it  had  obeyed 

Plural  number 
1st  person —    We  had  obeyed 
2nd  person —  You  had  obeyed 
3rd  person —  They  had  obeyed 


Singular  number 
1st  person—  I  had  been  obeyed 
2nd  person —  You  had  been  obeyed 
3rd  person —  He  had  been  obeyed 

Plural  number 
1st  person — ■  We  had  been  obeyed 
2nd  person —  You  had  been  obeyed 
3rd  person —  They  had  been  obeyed 


Future  Perfect  Tense 


Singular  number 
1st  person —    I  shall  have  obeyed 
2nd  person —  You  will  have  obeyed 
3rd  person —  He,  she,  or  it  will  have 
obeyed 

Plural  number 
1st  person —    We  shall  have  obeyed 
2nd  person —  You  will  have  obeyed 
3rd  person —  They  will  have  obeyed 


Singular  number 
1st  person —  I  shall  have  been  obeyed 
2nd  person — ■  You  will  have  been  obeyed 
3rd  person —  He  will  have  been  obeyed 

Plural  number 
1st  person —  We  shall  have  been  obeyed 
2nd  person —  You  will  have  been  obeyed 
3rd  person —  They  will  have  been  obeyed 


The  Subjunctive  mode  is  the  mode  of  uncertainty,  as:  "If  I  go."  The  Impera- 
tive is  the  mode  of  command,  as:  "Go." 

An  adjective  is  a  word  used  to  describe  a  noun  or  to  limit  its  meaning,  as:  Good, 
bad,  happy,  sad. 

Comparison  of  Adjectives 


itive  degree 

Comparative  degree 

Superlative  degree 

large 

larger 

largest 

strong 

stronger 

strongest 

pretty 

prettier 

prettiest 

good 

better 

best 

beautiful 

more  beautiful 

most  beautiful 

An  adverb  is  a  word  used  to  describe  a  verb,  adjective,  or  other  adverb.  They 
tell  how,  when,  and  where,  as:  quickly,  tomorrow,  there. 

A  preposition  is  a  word  that  is  used  with  a  noun  or  pronoun  to  show  its  relation 
to  some  other  word  in  the  sentence,  as:  with,  from,  in,  by,  to,  for,  on,  of. 

A  conjunction  is  a  word  that  connects  sentences  or  similar  parts  of  the  same 
sentence,  as:  an,  or,  not,  so,  but,  unless. 

An  interjection  is  a  word  used  to  express  strong  feeling,  as:  Oh!  alas!  ah! 


The  Correct  and  the  Incorrect  Form 

Correct  :  Incorrect  : 

I  saw  them.  not        I  seen  them. 

She  did  that.  not        She  done  that. 

He  doesn't  like  it.  not         He  don't  like  it. 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers 


35 


Correct : 

We  are  not  canning  today.  not 

Won't  you  sit  down?  not 

John  took  his  medicine.  not 

She  and  I  made  it.  not 

I  haven't  any  more.  not 

None  of  them  went.  not 

Any  one  will  do.  not 

The  wind  blew  his  hat  off.  not 

I  should  have  gone.  not 

I  ought  not  to  go.  not 

If  I  had  known  it.  not 

The  boy  was  drowned.  not 

It  is  six  o'clock.  not 

He  went  once.  not 

He  helped  him  twice.  not 

They  climbed  the  tree.  not 

He  helped  me  with  it.  not 

She  hasn't  eaten  anything.  not 
He  came  home  last  night.      '      not 

Shut  the  door.  not 
She  taught  me  to  write  well,    not 

We  girls  came.  not 

He  hurt  himself.  not 

That  isn't  yours.  not 

Has  the  bell  rung?  not 

This  book  is  torn.  not 

We  tried  everything.  not 

I've  been  well  ever  since.  not 

I  haven't  a  pencil.  not 


Incorrect : 
We  ain't  canning  today. 
Won't  you  set  down? 
John  taken  his  medicine. 
Me  and  her  made  it. 
I  ain't  got  no  more. 
Nary  a  one  of  them  went. 
Ary  a  one  will  do. 
The  wind  blowed  his  hat  off. 
I  should  have  went. 
I  hadn't  oughter  go. 
If  Id'a'  knowed  it. 
The  boy  was  drownded. 
Hit  is  six  o'clock. 
He  went  oncet. 
He  helped  him  twicet. 
They  dumb  the  tree. 
He  holped  me  with  it. 
She  hasn't  ate  anything. 
He  come  home  last  night. 
Shet  the  door. 

She  learned  me  to  write  well. 
Us  girls  came. 
He  hurt  hisself. 
That  ain't  yourn. 
Has  the  bell  rang? 
This  here  book  is  torn. 
We  tried  ever  thing. 
I've  been  well  every  since. 
I  haven't  got  no  pencil. 


Letter-writing  Sentences  for  Dictation 

(Almost  all  of  them  taken  from  letters  written  by  adults.) 

This  list  of  sentences  grew  out  of  a  number  of  lists  made  at  the  request  of 
pupils  not  yet  sure  of  themselves,  who  were  most  anxious  to  write  their  own 
letters.  They  said  that  with  such  a  list  they  could  find  just  what  they  wanted 
to  write,  or  something  so  much  like  it  that  they  could  work  it  out  for  them- 
selves : 

The  children  are  well. 

The  baby  has  been  sick. 

No  one  has  been  here. 

I  saw  her  on  Sunday. 

She  was  looking  well  then. 

I  am  surprised  to  hear  that  you  have  moved. 

I  am  going  next  Monday. 

I  addressed  three  letters  yesterday. 

I  have  no  more  money. 

I  had  an  interest  in  it. 

Please  answer  this  right  away. 

I  have  56  chickens. 

Have  you  canned  much  fruit? 

I  have  canned  124  pints  of  peaches. 

Has  John  been  in  town  this  week? 


36  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

Are  you  coming  to  see  us  next  Sunday? 

We  want  you  to  spend  Saturday  and  Sunday  with  us. 

Bring  the  children  with  you. 

There  are  many  community  schools  in  Buncombe  County. 

We  laughed  when  we  saw  it. 

It's  cheap  enough. 

She.  built  a  fire  in  the  kitchen  stove  at  six  o'clock. 

It  seems  to  me  there's  nothing  else  for  you  to  do. 

They  came  over  in  their  car  last  Wednesday. 

Don't  laugh  at  her  mistakes. 

Is  Mary  eight  or  nine  years  old? 

Please  excuse  Tom's  absence  yesterday. 

He  was  sick. 

Can  we  have  breakfast  at  eight  o'clock? 

I'm  sorry  that  you  can't  come. 

Her  niece  knew  my  cousin. 

Do  you  remember  how  many  I  ordered? 

The  doctor  says  I  am  getting  better  now. 

I  hope  you  will  soon  be  well  and  strong. 

It  may  freeze  before  Monday. 

Which  part  of  town  do  you  like  best? 

Have  you  read  Mary's  new  book? 

How  much  steak  can  you  get  for  a  dollar  there? 

Do  you  raise  much  corn? 

Yes,  I  raise  more  corn  than  anything  else. 

When  did  you  hear  from  John? 

It  has  been  two  weeks  since  I  heard  from  him. 

I  saw  a  good  ball  game  last  Thursday. 

Baby  took  her  first  step  today. 

She  can  say  five  or  six  words. 

Is  your  sister  with  you  now? 

Does  she  help  you  much? 

Can  you  let  us  know  tomorrow? 

Did  he  bring  the  sugar  to  you  yesterday? 

I  haven't  heard  from  any  of  the  family  for  a  month. 

Stop  and  look  before  you  cross  the  railroad  track. 

I  ought  to  have  done  it  long  ago. 

Did  you  ever  hear  such  a  queer  story? 

What  is  the  price  of  your  baskets? 

Please  write  to  your  brother  at  once. 

Do  you  raise  turkeys  and  chickens? 

Yes,  we  raise  turkeys  and  chickens. 

Is  your  cough  better? 

They  can't  finish  the  house  before  June. 

I'm  sending  you  half  a  pound  of  butter  by  parcel  post. 

I  have  four  dozen  eggs  for  you. 

For  fifteen  or  twenty  cents  you  can  have  a  daily  paper  sent  to  you  for  a  week. 

Where  were  you  last  night? 

Thank  you  very  much  for  these  beautiful  roses. 

How  did  she  hurt  her  foot? 

Where  do  you  get  your  vegetables? 

I  raise  them  in  my  garden. 

I  buy  my  vegetables  from  the  market. 

It  is  forty  miles  from  Asheville. 

Mr.  Robert  Miller  and  Miss  Jane  Gray  were  married  last  night. 


Foe  Pupils  and  Teachers  87 

How  much  do  you  weigh  now? 

I  have  only  one  chance. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Brown  are  coming  next  Tuesday. 

He  heard  all  they  said. 

She  will  be  buried  there. 

We  are  all  so  glad  that  you  are  coming  to  see  us. 

I  thank  you  very  much. 

Do  you  wish  to  pass? 

I  beg  your  pardon. 

May  I  help  you? 

Excuse  me. 

Jim  answered  Mary's  letter  yesterday. 

His  son  is  a  doctor. 

I  signed  the  deed. 

It  seemed  best. 

He  earned  enough  to  buy  himself  a  suit  of  clothes. 

All  of  the  children  will  spend  Christmas  at  home. 

Aren't  you  glad  you  joined  the  library? 

You  did  not  answer  my  last  letter. 

The  children  are  getting  on  so  well  at  school. 

May  is  in  the  sixth  grade. 

We  have  planted  our  garden. 

I  wish  you  could  see  our  onions. 

We  are  needing  rain  badly. 

It  has  rained  every  day  for  a  week. 

We  hope  you  will  soon  be  coming  home. 

Mary's  baby  is  the  prettiest  little  blue-eyed  girl. 

We  have  just  been  having  the  finest  meetings  at  our  church. 

Mr.  Smith  is  a  great  preacher. 

Please  write  soon.     I  watch  every  day  for  a  letter. 

I  went  fishing  yesterday. 

We  go  to  school  two  nights  a  week. 

I  have  learned  to  write  in  the  community  schools. 

The  baby  had  croup  last  night. 

The  mountain  laurel  is  in  full  bloom. 

The  rhododendron  is  beautiful  this  year. 

The  flame  azalea  is  one  of  our  prettiest  flowers. 

We  are  sending  you  some  trailing  arbutus. 

I  was  glad  to  get  the  Testament. 

North  Carolina  is  called  "The  Old  North  State." 

The  frost  has  killed  all  of  the  fruit. 

I  know  you  will  be  surprised  to  get  a  letter  from  Mother. 

I  never  expected  even  to  write  my  name  until  about  two  months  ago. 

Now  I  am  writing  my  own  letters. 

I  am  sending  you  some  pictures  of  the  snow. 

My  baby  is  a  fine  little  fellow. 

He  looks  like  his  father. 

I  pay  my  taxes. 

If  I  can  read  and  write  I  can  help  myself  and  my  children  more. 

I  like  for  my  taxes  to  help  pay  for  the  school  to  teach  grown  people. 

I  wish  you  a  Merry  Christmas  and  a  Happy  New  Year. 

As  I  am  in  a  hurry,  excuse  bad  writing  and  take  mistakes  as  love. 


38  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

Salutation  and  Complimentary  Close  for  Various  Kinds  of  Letters 

If  you  begin  a  letter  with :  Close  it  with : 

Dear  Sir:  Yours  very  truly, 

Gentlemen  :  Yours  very  truly, 

Dear  Jack  :  Your  friend, 

Dear  Uncle  Tom :  Your  loving  niece, 

Dearest  Sisters:  Devotedly  yours, 

My  dear  Mrs.  Brown :  Sincerely  yours, 

Dear  Mother :  Your  loving  daughter, 

Family  Letter 

Rock  Hill,  S.  C,  October  12,  1921. 
Dear  Mother: — Can't  you  possibly  come  down  for  a  visit  next  week?    The 
baby  is  so  cunning  now  that  I  do  want  you  to  see  her. 

When  her  father  came  home  from  work  yesterday  she  took  two  steps  by 
herself  and  tumbled  right  into  his  arms.  When  he  says,  "Give  Dad  some 
sugar,"  she  holds  her  little  mouth  up  to  be  kissed  every  time.  You  just  must 
come  and  see  her  before  she  loses  her  cunning  little  ways. 

With  dearest  love, 

Betty. 
Friendly  Letter 

Faiehope,  Alabama,  December  20,  1921. 
Dear  John  : — We  are  certainly  glad  to  hear  that  you  and  your  family  are 
coming  back  here  to  live. 

You  will  hardly  know  the  old  town,  but  all  the  new  things,  like  the  paved 
streets,  the  bright  lights,  the  fine  school  building,  the  free  library,  and  the 
new  bank,  will  just  suit  an  up-to-date  man  like  you.  And  we  can  use  you  in 
half  a  dozen  different  places. 

Let  me  know  if  I  can  be  of  any  help  when  you  are  ready  to  come. 

Your  old  friend, 


Business  Letter 


Will. 

531  Broad  Street, 
Asheville,  N.  C, 
May  31,  1921. 

High  Point  Furniture  Factory, 

High  Point,  N.  C. 

Gentlemen  : — In   reply   to   your   advertisement   in   today's    "News"    for   a 
cabinet  maker,  I  wish  to  apply  for  the  position. 

I  have  worked  for  six  years  in  the  cabinet  room  of  the  Asheville  Furniture 
Company,  and  believe  you  would  find  my  work  satisfactory. 

I  refer  you,  by  permission,  to  Mr.  J.  E.  Melton,  Superintendent  of  the  Ashe- 
ville Furniture  Factory. 

Very  truly  yours, 

Arthur  Stone. 
Addresses  of  Officials 


The  President 


On  the  envelope: 

The  President, 
White  House, 
Washington,  D.  C. 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers  3& 

On  the  letter-head : 

To  the  President. 

Sir: 

The  Vice  President 
On  the  envelope: 

The  Vice  President  of  the  United  States, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

On  the  letter-head : 

To  the  Vice  President  of  the  United  States. 
Sir: 

The  Cabinet 
On  the  envelope: 

The  Honorable,  The  Secretary  of  State, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

On  the  letter  sheet : 

The  Honorable,  The  Secretary  of  State. 
Sir: 

Governor 
On  the  envelope : 

His  Excellency,  Cameron  Morrison, 
Raleigh,  N.  C. 

On  the  letter-head : 

His  Excellency,  Cameron  Morrison, 
Sir: 

Senator 
On  the  envelope : 

Honorable  Oscar  Underwood, 
United  States  Senator, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

On  the  letter  sheet : 

Honorable  Oscar  Underwood. 

Sir: 

Congressman 
On  the  envelope: 

Honorable  James  Brown,  M.  C. 
Washington,  D.  C. 

On  the  letter-head : 

Honorable  James  Brown. 

Sir: 

(State  cabinet  officials,  senators  and  assembly  men  use  the  same  forms  as 
those  of  the  United  States.) 

Mayor 

On  the  envelope : 

Honorable  Wm.  J.  Gaynor, 
Mayor  of  the  City  of  New  York. 

On  the  letter-head : 

To  his  Honor,  Wm.  J.  Gaynor. 
Sir: 


40  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

Judge 
On  the  envelope : 

Honorable  Charles  Stout, 
Buffalo,  New  York. 

On  the  letter-head : 

Honorable  Charles  Stout. 

Sir: 

Legislature 
On  the  envelope: 

Honorable  Charles  Brown, 
Utica,  New  York. 

On  the  letter-head : 

Honorable  Charles  Brown. 
Sir: 

(Note. — The  complimentary  close  in  official  letters  is  "Yours  respectfully.") 

Advertisements  for  Positions  and  for  Lost  Articles 

Machinist  desires  position :  has  had  4  years  experience.     References  if  desired. 

G.  A.  D.,  c/o  Citizen. 
Lost — Keys,    on    Biltmore    Avenue,    Monday    morning.     Please    phone    2200. 
Reward. 

Telegrams 
Mr.  T.  C.  Davis, 
1304  Fourth  St., 
Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
Brother  very  ill,  come  if  possible.     Wire  time  of  arrival. 

L.  J.  Davis. 
Quotations 

I.     Life,  Duty,  Service 
Do  the  duty  that  lies  nearest  thee. — Goethe. 

May  we  have  vision  to  discern  our  duties ;  the  strength,  both  of  hand  and 
resolve,  to  discharge  them ;  and  the  soundness  of  heart  to  realize  that  the 
truest  are  those  of  service. — Woodrow  Wilson. 

There  is  no  limit  upon  the  measure  of  success  that  may  be  wrought  through 
the  investment  of  determined  purpose  and  true  character. — The  New  York 
Times. 

He  has  achieved  success  who  has  lived  well,  laughed  often,  and  loved  much; 
who  has  gained  the  respect  of  intelligent  men  and  the  love  of  little  children. — 
Unknown. 

I  expect  to  pass  through  this  world  only  once ;  any  good  thing,  therefore,  that 
I  can  do,  or  any  kindness  that  I  can  show  to  my  fellow-creatures,  let  me  do 
it  now ;  let  me  not  defer  or  neglect  it,  for  I  shall  not  pass  this  way  again. — 
Unknown. 

So  live  that  when  thy  summons  comes  to  join 
The  innumerable  caravan,  that  moves 
To  the  pale  realms  of  shade,  where  each  shall  take 
His  chamber  in  the  silent  halls  of  death, 
Thou  go  not  like  the  quarry-slave  at  night 
Scourged  to  his  dungeon,  but  sustained  and  soothed 
By  an  unfaltering  trust,  approach  thy  grave, 
Like  one  that  wraps  the  drapery  of  his  couch 
About  him,  and  lies  down  to  pleasant  dreams. 

— Bryant. 


Fob  Pupils  and  Teachers  41 

Honor  and  shame  from  no  condition  rise ; 

Act  well  your  part,  therein  the  glory  lies. — Pope. 

Lost  somewhere  between  sunrise  and  sunset,  two  golden  hours,  each  set  with 
sixty  diamond  minutes.  No  reward  is  offered :  they  are  gone  forever. — 
Unknown. 

The  heights  by  great  men  reached  and  kept, 

Were  not  attained  by  sudden  flight ; 
But  they,  while  their  companions  slept, 
Were  toiling  upward  in  the  night. 

— Longfellow. 
Plough  deep  while  sluggards  sleep. — Franklin. 

Never  leave  that  till  tomorrow  which  you  can  do  today.- — Franklin. 

God  helps  them  that  help  themselves. — Franklin. 

Four  things  come  not  back : 

The  spoken  word ; 

The  sped  arrow ; 

Time  past ; 

The  neglected  opportunity. 

.  — Al  Halif. 

Whoever  can  make  two  ears  of  corn,  or  two  blades  of  grass,  to  grow  upon  a 
spot  of  ground  where  only  one  grew  before  deserves  better  of  mankind,  and 
does  more  essential  service  to  his  country  than  the  whole  race  of  politicians 
put  together. — Swift. 

Count  that  day  lost  whose  low  descending  sun 
Views  from  thy  hand  no  worthy  action  done. 

— Unknown. 

As  we  journey  through  life  let  us  live  by  the  way. — Burns. 

Wherever  you  are,  be  all  there. — Unknown. 

In  this  world  nothing  is  certain  but  death  and  taxes. — Franklin. 

When  you  dig  down  to  the  bottom  of  things,  you  find  what  any  man  usually 
finds  in  any  business,  that  if  he  studies  human  nature  and  grabs  the  chances 
he  sees  to  get  ahead  with  his  work  as  he  goes  along  every  day,  he's  pretty  apt 
to  find  people  taking  an  interest  in  what  he  is  doing. — Will  Rogers,  Comedian. 

Rules  of  Business 

(Drawn  up  by  Baron  Rothschild,  the  richest  man  in  the  world.) 
Carefully  examine  every  detail  of  your  business. 
Be  prompt  in  everything. 
Take  time  to  consider,  but  decide  positively. 
Dare  to  go  forward. 
Bear  trouble  patiently. 
Be  brave  in  the  struggle  of  life. 
Maintain  your  integrity  as  a  sacred  thing. 
Never  tell  business  lies. 
Make  no  useless  acquaintances. 
Never  appear  something  more  than  you  are. 
Pay  your  debts  promptly. 
Shun  strong  liquor. 
Employ  your  time  well. 
Do  not  reckon  upon  chance. 
Be  polite  to  everybody. 
Never  be  discouraged. 
Then  work  hard  and  you  will  be  certain  to  succeed. 


42  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

IT  COULDN'T  BE  DONE 

Somebody  said  that  it  couldn't  be  done, 

But  he,  with  a  chuckle,  replied : 
That  "maybe  it  couldn't,"  but  he  would  be  one 

Who  wouldn't  say  so  till  he  tried ; 
So  he  buckled  right  in,  with  a  trace  of  a  grin 

On  his  face.     If  he  worried,  he  hid  it. 
He  started  to  sing  as  he  tackled  the  thing 

That  couldn't  be  done — and  he  did  it. 

Somebody  scoffed,  "Oh,  you'll  never  do  that, 

At  least  no  one  ever  has  done  it"  ; 
But  he  took  off  his  coat  and  he  took  off  his  hat, 

And  the  first  thing  we  knew  he'd  begun  it. 
With  a  lift  of  his  chin  and  a  bit  of  a  grin, 

Without  any  doubting  or  quiddit, 
He  started  to  sing  as  he  tackled  the  thing 

That  couldn't  be  done — and  he  did  it. 

There  are  thousands  who'll  tell  you  it  cannot  be  done, 

There  are  thousands  who  prophesy  failure ; 
There  are  thousands  to  point  out  to  you  one  by  one, 

The  dangers  that  wait  to  assail  you. 
But  just  buckle  in  with  a  bit  of  a  grin, 

Then  take  off  your  coat  and  go  to  it. 
Just  start  in  to  sing  as  you  tackle  the  thing 

That  "cannot  be  done" — and  you'll  do  it. 

— Edgar  A.  Quest. 

WORK 

Let  me  but  do  my  work  from  day  to  day, 

In  field  or  forest,  at  the  desk  or  loom, 

In  roaring  market  place  or  tranquil  room ; 
Let  me  but  find  it  in  my  heart  to  say, 
When  vagrant  wishes  beckon  me  astray, 

"This  is  my  work ;  my  blessing,  not  my  doom. 

Of  all  who  live,  I  am  the  one  by  whom 
This  work  can  best  be  done  in  the  right  way." 

Then  shall  I  see  it  not  too  great,  nor  small, 

To  suit  my  spirit  and  to  prove  my  powers ; 

Then   shall   I   cheerful   greet   the    laboring   hours, 
And  cheerful  turn,  when  the  long  shadows  fall 

At  eventide,  to  play  and  love  and  rest, 

Because  I  know  for  me  my  work  is  best. 

— Henry  Van  Dyke. 

THE  GOSPEL  OF  LABOR 

He  cancels  the  curse  of  Eden,  and  brings  them  a  blessing  instead, 

Blessed  are  they  that  labor,  for  Jesus  partakes  of  their  bread. 

He  puts  His  hand  to  their  burdens ;  He  enters  their  home  at  night. 

Who  does  his  best  shall  have  a  guest :  the  Master  of  Life  and  Light. 

This  is  the  gospel  of  labor.     Ring  it,  ye  bells  of  the  kirk ! 

The  Lord  of  Love  came  down  from  above  to  live  with  the  men  who  work. 

This  is  the  rose  He  planted,  here  in  the  thorn-cursed  soil, 

Heaven  is  blessed  with  perfect  rest,  but  the  blessing  of  earth  is  toil. 

— Henry  Van  Dyke. 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers  43 

II.     Rest,  Joy,  the  Upward  Look 

Rest  is  not  quitting 

The  busy  career ; 
Rest  is  the  fitting 

Of  self  to  one's  sphere. 

'Tis  loving  and  serving 

The  highest  and  best ; 
'Tis  onward  unswerving, 

And  this  is  true  rest. 

— Goethe. 

How  wonderful  is  Death ! 
Death  and  his  brother  Sleep. 
— Shelley. 

Good  humor  is  a  tonic  for  the  mind  and  body.  Laughter  is  medicine  for 
the  soul.  Gladness  is  akin  to  goodness.  The  world  needs  all  the  help  you 
can  give  by  way  of  cheerful,  optimistic,  inspiring  thought  and  personal  exam- 
ple. Intelligent  optimism  is  one  of  the  great  constructive  powers  for  inspiring 
men  to  great  and  noble  purpose. — Kleiser. 

Patience  is  a  power  as  well  as  a  virtue. — Kleiser. 

A  sense  of  humor  is  more  valuable  for  a  busy  woman  than  all  the  latest 
inventions  for  making  housekeeping  easy.  The  patent  dish-washer,  the  self- 
feed  and  self-shaking  range,  the  washing  machine,  the  bread-mixer,  and  the 
egg-beater  all  put  together  will  not  help  "mother"  through  Saturday  morning 
so  well  as  the  ability  to  laugh  long  and  heartily. — Youth's  Companion. 

God's  in  His  heaven, 

All's  right  with  the  world. 

— Browning. 

What  I  aspired  to  be, 
And  was  not,  comforts  me. 

— Browning. 

To  be  seventy  years  young  is  sometimes  far  more  cheerful  and  hopeful  than 
to  be  forty  years  old. — Holmes. 

The  best  doctors  in  the  world  are  Doctor  Diet,  Doctor  Quiet,  and  Doctor 
Merryman. — Swift. 

Today,  whatever  may  annoy, 
The  word  for  me  is  joy, 
Just  simple  joy. 

— John  Kendrick  Bangs. 

Truth  crushed  to  earth  shall  rise  again. — Bryant. 

In  the  lexicon  of  youth,  which  fate  reserves 
For  a  bright  manhood,  there  is  no  such  word 
As  "fail." 

— Bulwer-Lytton. 


44  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

Gladness  of  heart  is  the  life  of  man,  and  the  joyfulness  of  a  man  prolongeth 
his  day. — Ecclesiastes. 

Let  him  that  thinketh  he  standeth  take  heed  lest  he  fall. — Corinthians. 
A  thing  of  beauty  is  a  joy  forever. — Keats. 

I  am  a  great  friend  to  public  amusements ;  for  they  keep  the  people  from 
vice. — Samuel  Johnson. 

And  what  is  so  rare  as  a  day  in  June? 
Then,  if  ever,  come  perfect  days. 

— Lowell. 

Never  bear  more  than  one  kind  of  trouble  at  a  time.  Some  people  bear 
three — all  they  have  now,  all  they  ever  had,  and  all  they  expect  to  have. — 
Unknown. 

III.  Education 

Ignorance  is  a  great  source  of  prejudice :  What  we  do  not  understand  we 
are  inclined  to  disbelieve. — Kleiser. 

Perhaps  the  most  valuable  result  of  all  education  is  the  ability  to  make 
yourself  do  the  thing  you  have  to  do  when  it  ought  to  be  done,  whether  you 
like  it  or  not. — Huxley. 

All  matters  of  social  progress — better  health,  better  business,  better  living 
and  home  satisfaction  and  happiness — must  come  through  a  good  type  of 
education. — New  York  Times. 

IV.  Patriotism 

Breathes  there  the  man  with  soul  so  dead, 

Who  never  to  himself  hath  said, 

"This  is  my  own,  my  native  land !" 

— Scott. 
God  give  us  men.     The  time  demands 

Strong  minds,  great  hearts,  true  faith,  and  willing  hands ; 
Men  whom  the  lust  of  office  does  not  kill ; 
Men  whom  the  spoils  of  office  cannot  buy ; 
Men  who  possess  opinions  and  a  will ; 
Men  who  have  honor  ;  men  who  will  not  lie  ; 
Tall  men,  sun-crowned,  who  live  above  the  fog 
In  public  duty  and  in  private  thinking. 

— Holland. 

V.  Friendship 

He  who  has  a  thousand  friends 

Has  not  a  one  to  spare ; 
But  he  who  has  one  enemy 

Will  meet  him  everywhere. 

— Mahomet's  Son-in-Law. 

As  you  ascend  the  hill  of  prosperity,  may  you  never  meet  a  friend !— Atvast. 

Those  friends  thou  hast,  and  their  adoption  tried, 
Grapple  them  to  thy  soul  with  hoops  of  steel. 

— Shakespeare. 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers  45 

A  man  that  hath  friends  must  show  himself  friendly ;  and  there  is  a  friend 
that  sticketh  closer  than  a  brother. — The  Bible. 

A  friend  is  one  who  knows  the  best  of  us  and  the  worst  of  us  and  cares  for 
us  still. — Kingsley. 

Come  in  the  evening,  or  come  in  the  morning, 

Come  when  you're  looked  for,  or  come  without  warning. 

— Davis. 

VI.     Love 

Oh,  my  love's  like  a  red,  red  rose, 

That's  newly  sprung  in  June ; 
Oh,  my  love's  like  the  melody 

That's  sweetly  played  in  tune. 

— Burns. 

Doubt  thou  the  stars  are  fire ; 

Doubt  that  the  sun  doth  move ; 
Doubt  truth  to  be  a  liar ; 

But  never  doubt  I  love ! 

— Shakespeare. 

Love  is  like  a  rose,  the  joy  of  all  the  earth. — Rossetti. 

God  be  thanked,  the  meanest  of  His  creatures 
Boasts  two  soul-sides — one  to  face  the  world  with, 
One  to  show  a  woman  when  he  loves  her. 

— Browning. 

But  love  is  blind  and  lovers  cannot  see 
The  petty  follies  that  themselves  commit. 

— Shakespeare. 

For  love  is  heaven,  and  heaven  is  love. — Scott. 

VII.     Our  Fellow-men 

The  surest  plan  to  make  a  man 
Is  to  think  him  so. 

— Lowell. 

Be  noble !  and  the  nobleness  that  lies 
In  other  men,  sleeping,  but  never  dead, 
Will  rise  in  majesty  to  meet  thine  own. 
— Lowell. 

Men  are  but  children  of  a  larger  growth. — Dry&en. 

"There  is  so  much  that  is  bad  in  the  best  of  us, 
And  so  much  that  is  good  in  the  worst  of  us, 
That  it  doesn't  behoove  any  of  us 
To  talk  about  the  rest  of  us." 

— Unknown. 

What  a  strange  thing  is  man !  and  what  a  stranger 
Is  Woman ! 

— Byron. 
All  are  needed  by  each  one. — Emerson. 


46  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

My  theory  is  that  if  I  dig  hard  enough  into  any  individual,  sooner  or  later 
I'll  bump  into  something  I  can  bank  on. — Rufus  Steele. 

What's  done,   we  partly  may   compute, 
But  know  not  what's  resisted. 

— Burns. 
He  who  steals  my  purse  steals  trash : 
'Tis  something,  'tis  nothing, 

'Twas  mine,  'tis  his,  and  has  been  slave  to  thousands. 
But  he  who  filches  from  me  my  good  name 
Steals  that  which  not  enriches  him 
And  makes  me  poor  indeed. 

— Shakespeare. 

No  one  can  be  perfectly  free  till  all  are  free;  no  one  can  be  perfectly  moral 
till  all  are  moral ;  no  one  can  be  perfectly  happy  till  all  are  happy. — Herbert 
Spencer. 

This  above  all:    To  thine  own  self  be  true, 
And  it  must  follow,  as  the  night  the  day, 
Thou  canst  not  then  be  false  to  any  man. 

— Shakespeare. 

ABOU  BEN  ADHEM 

Abou  Ben  Adhem  (may  his  tribe  increase!) 

Awoke  one  night  from  a  deep  dream  of  peace, 

And  saw  within  the  moonlight  of  his  room, 

Making  it  rich  and  like  a  lily  in  bloom, 

An  angel  writing  in  a  book  of  gold. 

Exceeding  peace  had  made  Ben  Adhem  bold, 

And  to  the  presence  in  the  room  he  said : 
"What  writest  thou?"     The  vision  raised  its  head, 

And  with  a  look  made  of  all  sweet  accord, 

Answered,  "The  names  of  those  who  love  the  Lord." 
"And  is  mine  one?"  said  Abou.     "Nay,  not  so," 

Replied  the  angel — Abou  spoke  more  low, 

But  cheerily  still ;  and  said,  "I  pray  thee,  then, 

Write  me  as  one  who  loves  his  fellow-men." 

The  angel  wrote,  and  vanished.     The  next  night 

It  came  again,  with  a  great  wakening  light, 

And  showed  the  names  whom  love  of  God  had  blessed — 

And,  lo !  Ben  Adhem's  name  led  all  the  rest. 

— Leigh  Hunt. 


HEALTH  RULES 

IF 

YOU  COULD  BE  WELL. 

WOULD  YOU? 

YOU  CAN  .  .  .  WILL  YOU? 

HOW  TO  DO  IT. 

Good  Posture 

Head  erect.  Chest  up.  Waist  flat.  Trunk  straight.  Weight  on  the  balls 
of  the  feet. 

In  sitting,  push  as  far  back  against  the  back  of  the  chair  as  possible. 
"Sit  tall." 

Exercise  in  the  fresh  air  every  day. 

Breathe  through  your  nose. 

Breathe  deeply  to  fill  your  lungs  with  air. 

Sitting  in  a  stooped  position  injures  the  lungs. 

Do  not  cool  off  too  quickly  after  exercising. 

Sleep  eight  hours  with  your  window  wide  open  and  your  mouth  shut. 

Keep  the  head  cool  and  the  feet  warm. 

Going  to  bed  early  in  the  case  of  sickness  does  not  mean  going  to  bed  to  die ; 
but  early  to  bed  means  a  short  cut  to  health. 

Germs  are  little  "bugs,"  too  small  to  see  with  the  eyes.  They  live  and  grow 
best  in  the  body  of  a  sick  person. 

Sputum  (spit)  is  full  of  germs  that  cause  sickness. 

A  person  who  has  a  cough  and  does  not  hold  something  before  his  mouth 
when  coughing  is  dangerous,  because  he  is  coughing  germs  (bugs)  up,  and 
throwing  them  at  you.     He  may  make  you  sick — avoid  him. 

If  the  sewing  machine  is  rolled  out  on  the  porch,  sewing  will  be  pleasanter 
and  cheeks  will  be  pinker. 

Rheumatism  in  children  may  be  due  to  diseased  tonsils. 

Put  nothing  in  the  ears  except  warm  boiled  water  unless  ordered  by  the 
doctor. 

Drink  plenty  of  pure  water. 

Eat  slowly  and  chew  your  food  well. 

Be  sure  your  milk  is  good  and  clean. 

The  bowels  should  move  once  daily  and  at  a  regular  time  each  day. 

Dissipation  doesn't  pay.     It  almost  always  brings  disease. 

Filth  plus  flies  or  fingers  equals  fever. 

Swat  the  fly  before  he  gets  wings. 

Typhoid  fever,  diarrhea,  and  dysentery  have  wings — we  call  them  houseflies. 

Build  your  reputation  for  civic  pride  in  your  back  yard. 

Closed  bedroom  windows  often  let  the  undertaker  into  the  house. 

"Why  don't  they  keep  the  streets  a  little  cleaner?"  you  ask,  with  aggrava- 
tion not  undue. 

"Why  don't  they  keep  the  parks  a  little  neater?" 
Did  you  ever  stop  to  think  that  "they"  means  you? . 

To  keep  the  skin  healthy  as  well  as  clean,  a  warm,  all-over  bath  should  be 
taken  at  least  once  or  twice  a  week. 


48  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

Milk  drunk  from  a  cow  that  has  consumption  will  give  you  consumption. 
Ask  your  dairyman  if  his  cows  have  been  tested  for  consumption. 

Don't  expectorate  (spit)  on  the  floor,  wall,  sidewalk,  or  any  public  place,  for 
you  don't  want  to  do  anything  that  will  injure  another,  and  careless  expecto- 
rating causes  much  spreading  of  disease  (sickness). 

Every  consumptive  got  the  disease  from  some  other  consumptive  who  was 
careless  with  his  sputum   (spit). 

Avoid  all  people  who  are  careless  when  they  cough,  for  they  care  nothing 
for  you  or  they  would  protect  you  against  their  disease. 

If  you  cannot  read  fine  print  12  inches  from  the  eyes,  go  to  a  doctor. 

Do  not  use  a  poultice  on  the  eyes. 

Do  not  put  drops  into  the  eyes  unless  you  go  to  a  doctor. 

Clean  the  teeth  twice  a  day  with  a  good  dental  preparation. 

Children  do  not  develop  well  if  their  teeth  are  not  properly  cared  for. 

Bad  teeth  cause  many  ailments. 

A  sound  tooth  is  a  priceless  jewel. 

Rheumatism  in  grown  people  may  be  due  to  bad  teeth. 

Keep  fingers  away  from  mouth,  nose,  and  eyes. 

Mouth  breathing  in  children  usually  means  adenoids. 

Adenoids  should  be  removed,  as  they  may  cause  deafness. 

Try  today  to  sit  up  and  stand  up  straight,  to  eat  slowly,  and  to  attend  to- 
each  need  of  the  body  at  its  regular  time. 

Fresh  air,  good  food,  and  sunshine  are  three  essentials  for  good  health. 

The  Life  Extension  Institute  says : 

The  first  and  great  health  commandment  is :  Have  your  body  periodically 
examined  and  your  individual  needs  ascertained.  Then  apply  the  following 
rules  with  precision : 

1.  Ventilate  every  room  you  occupy. 

2.  Wear  light,  loose,  and  porous  clothes. 

3.  Seek  out-of-door  occupations  and  recreations. 

4.  Sleep  out,  if  you  can. 

5.  Breathe  deeply. 

6.  Avoid  overeating  and  overweight. 

7.  Eat  sparingly  of  meats  and  eggs. 

8.  Eat  some  hard,  some  bulky,  some  raw  food. 

9.  Eat  slowly. 

10.  Use  sufficient  water,  inside  and  outside. 

11.  Evacuate  thoroughly,  regularly,  and  frequently. 

12.  Stand,  sit.  and  walk  erect. 

13.  Do  not  allow  poisons  and  infections  to  enter  the  body. 

14.  Keep  the  teeth,  gums,  and  tongue  clean. 

15.  Work,  play,  rest,  and  sleep  in  moderation. 

16.  Keep  serene. 

Things  to  be  included  in  a  first-aid  kit,  and  to  have  conveniently  at  hand 
at  home:  Nail  brush,  soap,  bandages,  iodine,  absorbent  cotton,  roll  of  gauze, 
toothpick  swabs  and  adhesive  tape,  a  medicine  dropper,  boric  acid  solution,, 
new  skin,  listerine,  aromatic  spirits  of  ammonia,  scissors,  safety  pins,  and. 
two  triangular  bandages. 


GOOD  RECEIPTS  FOR  ESSENTIAL  FOODS 

Quick  Breads 

Directions  for  Making  Biscuits 

Three  things  are  necessary  for  making  good  biscuits,  providing  the  materials 
are  good  and  the  proportions  correct : 

1.  The  dough  must  be  made  too  soft  to  handle  easily. 

2.  It  must  be  quickly  and  lightly  handled. 

3.  A  Quick  oven  is  necessary. 

AU  measures  are  level.  Sift  flour  once  before  measuring,  sift  all  dry  ingre- 
dients twice.  Add  lard,  working  in  with  tips  of  fingers,  or  cutting  in  with 
two  knives,  add  milk,  mixing  in  with  spoon  just  enough  to  hold  together. 
When  all  is  mixed  turn  on  floured  board  and  shape.  Roll  lightly  about  *4 
inch  thick  and  cut  with  a  two-inch  cutter.  Place  in  a  pan  so  they  will  not 
touch.  Bake  quickly.  In  using  sour  milk,  the  amount  of  sour  milk  will  vary 
slightly,  due  to  the  amount  of  lactic  acid  in  the  milk. 

In  making  baking  powder  biscuits  it  is  better  to  use  milk  if  possible ;  it 
adds  more  food  value  and  gives  a  better  brown.  Biscuits  should  have  two 
brown  crusts  and  very  little  crumb.  If  they  are  too  thick  and  bake  too  rapidly 
the  crumb  becomes  a  paste,  which  cannot  be  reached  by  the  digestive  juices. 
The  crusty  ones  are  partly  digested  in  the  baking. 

Buttermilk  Biscuits 

1  teaspoon  salt  1  teaspoon  baking  powder 

2  cups  of  flour  V4  to  %  teaspoon  soda 

3  tablespoons  lard  sour  milk  to  mix 

Baking  Powder  Biscuits 

2  cups  flour  1  teaspoon  salt 

3  teaspoons  baking  powder  3  tablespoons  lard 

Sweet  milk  or  water  to  mix 

Yeast  Breads 

In  the  so-called  "Light  Bread,"  we  do  not  use  a  leavening  agent,  such  as 
soda  or  sour  milk  or  baking  powder,  but  depend  on  yeast  for  the  lightness. 
Yeast  is  a  tiny  plant,  so  small  that  it  cannot  be  seen  with  the  naked  eye.  For 
its  growth  it  requires  food,  moisture,  warmth,  and  air.  The  yeast  in  growing 
changes  sugar  into  alcohol  and  gas.  This  gas,  in  trying  to  escape,  makes  the 
bubbles  or  lightness  in  the  dough. 

In  the  process  of  baking  both  the  alcohol  and  gas  are  driven  off.  The  more 
yeast  used  the  quicker  the  bread  will  be  ready  to  bake. 

Rolls 

1  quart  flour  1%  cups  (or  more)  of  milk 

1  tablespoon  sugar  1  to  2  cakes  of  yeast 

I  teaspoon  of  salt  1  tablespoon  fat 

To  the  luke  warm  milk  add  the  dissolved  yeast,  salt,  sugar  and  melted 
butter.  Mix  with  the  flour.  Knead  thoroughly.  Grease  on  top  and  set  aside 
to  rise.  When  full  of  air  bubbles  pinch  off  in  small  rolls,  dip  in  fat,  place  in 
pans  and  let  rise  until  like  feathers.     Bake  in  a  quick  oven. 


50  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

Soft  Ginger  Bread 

2  eggs  2  teaspoons  soda 
y-2  cup  lard  1%  cups  molasses 
Y2  cup  milk  1  tablespoon  ginger 

3  cups  flour 

Mix  lard  and  yolks  of  eggs,  beat  soda  with  molasses,  then  the  ginger, 
molasses,  milk  and  flour ;  beat  white  of  eggs  and  carefully  fold  into  the  batter. 
Bake  in  a  slow  oven  about  45  minutes.  Molasses  burns  easily,  so  do  not  get 
oven  too  hot. 

Cup  Cake 
3  eggs  1  cup  butter  or  butter  substitute 

3  cups  flour  3  tablespoons  baking  powder 

2  cups  sugar  1  teaspoon  vanilla 

1   cup  milk 

Sift  baking  powder  in  flour  3  times.  Separate  the  eggs.  Cream  the  butter 
and  add  the  sugar  gradually.  Mix  in  well  beaten  yolks  of  eggs,  milk  and 
flour.  Beat  until  smooth  and  fold  in  stiffly  beaten  whites.  Bake  in  moderately 
quick  oven.    This  recipe  is  good  either  for  loaf  or  layer  cake. 

Corn  Meal  Muffins 

1  teaspoon  salt  2  eggs 

1  tablespoon  butter  1  cup  sour  milk 
y±  teaspoon  soda  1  cup  meal 

2  teaspoons  baking  powder  i/4  cup  flour 

Separate  eggs.  To  beaten  yolk  add  sour  milk,  salt,  meal,  flour  and  melted 
butter.  When  oven  is  ready  and  pans  hot  and  greased,  add  the  soda  (dissolved 
in  a  little  luke  warm  water)  and  the  baking  powder.  Beat  vigorously  and 
quickly  until  smooth.  Carefully  fold  in  the  beaten  whites,  pour  into  hissing 
hot  greased  pans  and  bake  in  a  quick  oven. 

Nearly  one-half  of  the  daily  food  should  consist  of  fresh  fruits  and  vege- 
tables. They  add  bulk  and  mineral  salts  which  keep  the  body  cleansed  and  in 
good  condition. 

Creamed  Cabbage 

Cut  cabbage  into  eighths  or  shred  it  just  as  you  please,  wash,  cook  in  plenty 
of  boiling  water  until  tender ;  drain,  salt,  and  dress  with  rich  cream  sauce. 

Cream  Sauce 

1  cup  milk  2  tablespoons  butter 

2  tablespoons  flour  1  teaspoon  salt 
pepper  to  taste 

Cream  butter  and  flour.  Add  milk  slowly  and  bring  to  a  boil,  stirring  all  the 
time.     Add  salt  and  pepper.     Cook  until  thick. 

Mashed  Potatoes 

Pare  and  cut  potatoes  in  uniform  pieces.  Place  in  boiling  water.  Cook  until 
tender,  pour  off  water  and  return  to  stove  until  steam  passes  off,  leaving  them 
dry  and  mealy ;  mash,  season  with  salt,  pepper,  butter  and  enough  cream  to 
make  right  consistency.  Beat  until  light  and  fluffy.  Serve  heaped  roughly 
on  platter. 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers  51 

String  Beans 

String  and  break  fresh  beans,  wash  and  cook  with  enough  bacon  to  season. 
Cook  slowly  3  to  4  hours  or  until  very  tender  and  practically  all  water  has 
evaporated ;  salt  to  taste. 

Meats 

Long,  slow  cooking  of  meats  retains  flavor  and  makes  them  tender.  Exposing 
to  high  temperature  seals  openings  to  tubes  and  keeps  juices  in.  When  well 
seared  the  temperature  should  be  reduced,  then  cook  more  slowly. 

Steamed  Steak 

Use  one  cut  of  round  steak,  chop  in  flour,  brown  in  hot  fat ;  when  brown,  add 
onion  cooked  in  1  tablespoon  butter ;  1  cup  of  tomato  juice,  salt  and  pepper 
with  enough  boiling  water  to  cover.  Cook  45  minutes  or  1  hour  in  steam-tight 
vessel  on  back  of  stove  where  it  cannot  boil.  This  is  very  economical  and 
practically  no  waste.     Onions  and  tomato  juice  may  be  omitted. 

Roast  Beef 

Four  pounds  of  roast  beef,  a  little  suet,  salt,  one  tablespoon  or  more.  Try 
out  the  suet,  put  roast  in  hot  fat,  sear  on  all  sides ;  then  reduce  heat  and  cook 
slowly  in  its  own  juices  and  fat  until  roast  is  nearly  done  (allowing  about 
20  minutes  per  pound)  ;  when  nearly  tender  add  salt,  dredge  with  flour  and 
brown.     Add  one  cup  boiling  water.     Baste  every  10  minutes  while  cooking. 

Eggs 

Heat  hardens  and  toughens  the  albumen,  which  is  the  white  of  the  egg ; 
therefore  eggs  should  be  cooked  at  a  low  temperature. 

Milk 

Milk  is  the  most  perfect  food  and  should  be  used  whenever  possible.  It  is 
necessary  for  the  proper  development,  and  there  is  no  substitute.  It  is  neces- 
sary for  invalids  and  old  people.  All  children  should  use  a  quart  a  day,  and 
all  adults  at  least  one  pint.    Drink  it  and  use  all  possible  in  cooking. 


PART  II 

REFERENCE  BOOK  FOR  PUPILS 

1.  Geography 

2.  History 

3.  Use  of  Library 

4.  Postal  Information 

5.  Thrift 

6.  Civics 


GEOGRAPHY 

Population  of: 

North  Carolina  2,556,486 

United  States  105,710,620 

The  World 1,699,000,000 

Teachers  Note:    Use  maps  of  North  Carolina,  the  United  States,  and  the  World. 

The  20  Largest  Cities  of  the  United  States 

1.  New  York  5,621,151 

2.  Chicago    2,701,212 

3.  Philadelphia 1,823,158 

4.  Detroit  993,739 

5.  Cleveland  796,836 

6.  St.  Louis 772,897 

7.  Boston 749,923 

8.  Baltimore 733,S26 

9.  Pittsburg  588,193 

10.  Los  Angeles 575,480 

11.  San  Francisco  508,410 

12.  Buffalo  505,875 

13.  Milwaukee 457,147 

14.  Washington  437,571 

15.  Newark 414,216 

16.  Cincinnati 401,247 

17.  New  Orleans  387,219 

18.  Minneapolis 380,582 

19.  Kansas  City  : 324,410 

20.  Seattle 315^650 

Names  of  Counties  of  North  Carolina 

Alamance  Cumberland  Johnston  Randolph 

Alexander  Currituck  Jones  Richmond 

Alleghany  Dare  Lee  Robeson 

Anson  '  Davidson  Lenoir  Rockingham 

Ashe  Davie  Lincoln  Rowan 

Avery  Duplin  Macon  Rutherford 

Beaufort  Durham  Madison  Sampson 

Bertie  Edgecombe         .        Martin  Scotland 

Bladen  Forsyth  McDowell  Stanly 

Brunswick  •  Franklin  Mecklenburg  Stokes 

Buncombe  Gaston  Mitchell  Surry 

Burke  Gates  Montgomery  Swain 

Cabarrus  Graham  Moore  Transylvania 

Caldwell  Granville  Nash  Tyrrell 

Camden  Greene  New  Hanover  Union 

Carteret  Guilford  Northampton  Vance 

Caswell  Halifax  Onslow  Wake 

Catawba  Harnett  Orange  Warren 

Chatham  Haywood  Pamlico  Washington 

Cherokee  Henderson  Pasquotank  Watauga 

Chowan  Hertford  Pender  Wayne 

Clay  Hoke  Perquimans  Wilkes 

Cleveland  Hyde  Person  Wilson 

Columbus  Iredell  Pitt  Yadkin 

Craven  Jackson  Polk  Yancey 


56 


A  Text  and  Keference  Book 


Names  of  States  and  Their  Abbreviations 


Alabama — Ala. 

Arkansas — Ark. 

Arizona — Ariz. 

California — Calif. 

Colorado — Colo. 

Connecticut — Conn. 

Delaware — Del. 

District  of  Columbia— D.  C. 

Florida — Fla. 

Georgia — Ga. 

Idaho 

Illinois — 111. 

Indiana — Ind. 

Iowa 

Kansas — Kans. 

Kentucky — Ky. 

Louisiana — La. 

Maine — Me. 

Maryland— Md. 

Massachusetts — Mass. 

Michigan — Mich. 

Minnesota — Minn. 

Mississippi — Miss. 

Missouri — Mo. 

Montana — Mont. 

Nebraska — Nebr. 

Nevada — Nev. 


New  Hampshire — N.  H. 

New  Jersey — N.  J. 

New  Mexico — N.  Mex. 

New  York- — N.  Y. 

North  Carolina — N.  C. 

North  Dakota— N.  Dak. 

Ohio 

Oklahoma — Okla. 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania— Pa. 

Rhode  Island — R.  I. 

South  Carolina — S.  C. 

South  Dakota— S.  Dak. 

Tennessee — Tenn. 

Texas — Tex. 
Utah 

Vermont — Vt. 
Virginia — Va. 
Washington— Wash. 
West  Virginia — W.  Va. 
Wisconsin — Wis. 
Wyoming — Wyo. 
Alaska  Territory 
Hawaii  Territory 
Porto  Rico — P.  R. 
Philippine  Islands — P.  I. 


America 

a.  North  America 

b.  South  America 

c.  Central  America 

d.  Danish  America 
Austria 

Belgium 

Canada 

China 

Czecho-Slovakia 

England 

France 

Germany 

Great  Britain 

Hungary 


Names  of  Countries 

Ireland 
Italy 
Japan 
Mexico 

Netherlands 

Norway 

Poland 

Russia 

Scotland 

Spain 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

United  States 

Wales 


HISTORY 

Presidents  of  the  United  States 

Washington    1789-1797  Lincoln    1861-1865 

John  Adams  1797-1801  Johnson  1865-1869 

Jefferson  1801-1809  Grant  1869-1877 

Madison 1809-1817  Hayes    1877-1881 

Monroe    1817-1825  Garfield  ._. 1881- 

J.  Q.  Adams  1S25-1829  Arthur    1S81-1SS5 

Jackson  1829-1837  Benj.  Harrison 1SS9-1S93 

Van  Buren  1837-1841  Cleveland 1885-1889 

W.   H.   Harrison 1841-  1893-1897 

Tyler 1841-1845  McKinley    1897-1901 

Polk   1845-1849  Roosevelt  . 1901-1909 

Taylor    1849-1850  Taft    1909-1913 

Fillmore 1850-1853  Wilson  1913-1921 

Pierc'e    1853-1857  Harding 1921 

Buchanan   1857-1861 

Preamble  of  Declaration  of  Independence 

July  4,  1776 
'The  Unanimous  Declaration  of  the  Thirteen  United  States  of  America 

When  in  the  course  of  human  events  it  becomes  necessary  for  one  people  to 
dissolve  the  political  bands  which  have  connected  them  with  another,  and  to 
assume  among  the  powers  of  the  earth  the  separate  and  equal  station  to  which 
the  laws  of  nature  and  of  nature's  God  entitle  them,  a  decent  respect  to  the 
opinions  of  mankind  requires  that  they  should  declare  the  causes  which  impel 
them  to  separation. 

We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident,  that  all  men  are  created  equal,  that 
they  are  endowed  by  their  Creator  with  certain  inalienable  rights ;  that  among 
these  are  Life,  Liberty  and  the  Pursuit  of  Happiness ;  that  to  secure  these 
rights  governments  are  instituted  among  men,  deriving  their  just  powers  from 
the  consent  of  the  governed ;  that  whenever  any  form  of  government  becomes 
destructive  of  these  ends,  it  is  the  right  of  the  people  to  alter  or  abolish  it, 
and  to  institute  new  government,  laying  its  foundation  on  such  principles  and 
organizing  its  power  in  such  form  as  to  them  shall  seem  most  likely  to  effect 
their  safety  and  happiness.  Prudence  indeed  will  dictate  that  governments 
long  established  should  not  be  changed  for  light  and  transient  causes,  and 
accordingly  all  experience  hath  shown  that  mankind  are  more  disposed  to 
suffer,  while  evils  are  sufferable,  than  to  right  themselves  by  abolishing  the 
forms  to  which  they  are  accustomed.  But  when  a  long  train  of  abuses  and 
usurpations,  pursuing  invariably  the  same  object,  evinces  a  design  to  reduce 
them  under  absolute  despotism,  it  is  their  right,  it  is  their  duty  to  throw  off 
such  government  and  to  provide  new  guards  for  their  future  security. 

Such  has  been  the  patient  sufferance  of  these  Colonies :  and  such  is  now  the 
necessity  which  constrains  them  to  alter  their  former  systems  of  government. 
The  history  of  the  present  King  of  Great  Britain  is  a  history  of  repeated 
injuries  and  usurpations,  all  having  in  direct  object  the  establishment  of  an 
absolute  tyranny  over  these  States.  To  prove  this,  let  facts  be  submitted  to  a 
candid  world. 


58  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

Preamble  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  America 

1787 

We,  the  people  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a  more  perfect  Union, 
establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tranquility,  provide  for  the  common  defense, 
promote  the  general  welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  to  ourselves 
and  our  posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this  Constitution  for  the  United 
States  of  America. 

Extracts  from  Washington's  Farewell  Address 

1796 

Interwoven  as  is  the  love  of  liberty  with  every  ligament  of  your  hearts,  no 
recommendation  of  mine  is  necessary  to  fortify  or  confirm  the  attachment. 

The  unity  of  government  which  constitutes  you  one  people  is  also  now  dear 
to  you.  It  is  justly  so,  for  it  is  a  main  pillar  in  the  edifice  of  your  real  inde- 
pendence ;  the  support  of  your  tranquility  at  home,  your  peace  abroad ;  of  your 
safety ;  of  your  prosperity ;  of  that  very  liberty  which  you  so  highly  prize. 
But  as  it  is  easy  to  foresee  that  from  different  causes  and  from  different 
quarters  much  pains  will  be  taken,  many  artifices  employed,  to  weaken  in 
your  minds  the  conviction  of  this  truth ;  as  this  is  the  point  in  your  political 
fortunes  against  which  the  batteries  of  internal  and  external  enemies  will  be 
most  constantly  and  actively  (though  often  covertly  and  insidiously)  directed, 
it  is  of  infinite  moment  that  you  should  properly  estimate  the  immense  value 
of  your  national  Union  to  your  collective  and  individual  happiness ;  that  you 
should  cherish  a  cordial,  habitual  and  immovable  attachment  to  it ;  accustom- 
ing yourselves  to  think  and  speak  of  it  as  the  palladium  of  your  political 
safety  and  prosperity ;  watching  for  its  preservation  with  jealous  anxiety ; 
discountenancing  whatever  may  suggest  even  a  suspicion  that  it  can  in  any 
event  be  abandoned ;  and  indignantly  frowning  upon  the  first  dawning  of  every 
attempt  to  alienate  any  portion  of  our  country  from  the  rest  or  to  enfeeble 
the  sacred  ties  which  now  link  together  the  various  parts. 

For  this  you  have  every  inducement  of  sympathy  and  interest.  Citizens, 
either  by  birth  or  choice,  of  a  common  country,  that  country  has  a  right  to 
concentrate  your  affections.  The  name  of  America  which  belongs  to  you  in 
your  national  capacity  must  always  exalt  the  just  pride  of  patriotism  more 
than  an  appellation  derived  from  local  discriminations.  With  slight  shades  of 
difference  you  have  the  same  religion,  manners,  habits  and  political  principles. 
You  have  in  a  common  cause  fought  and  triumphed  together ;  the  independence 
and  liberty  you  possess  are  the  work  of  joint  counsels  and  joint  efforts,  of 
common  dangers,  sufferings,  and  successes. 

Observe  good  faith  and  justice  towards  all  nations ;  cultivate  peace  and  har- 
mony with  all.  Religion  and  morality  enjoin  this  conduct,  and  can  it  be  that 
good  policy  does  not  equally  enjoin  it?  It  will  be  worthy  of  a  free,  enlight- 
ened, and,  at  no  distant  period,  a  great  nation,  to  give  to  mankind  the  mag- 
nanimous and  novel  example  of  a  people  always  guided  by  an  exalted  justice 
and  benevolence.  Who  can  doubt  that,  in  the  course  of  time  and  things,  the 
fruits  of  such  a  plan  would  richly  repay  any  temporary  advantages  which 
might  be  lost  by  a  steady  adherence  to  it?  Can  it  be  that  Providence  has  not 
connected  the  permanent  felicity  of  a  nation  with  its  virtue?  The  experiment, 
at  least,  is  recommended  by  every  sentiment  which  ennobles  human  nature. 
Alas !  is  it  rendered  impossible  by  its  vices  ? 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers  59 

Speech  Made  at  Gettysburg  in  1863 — Abraham  Lincoln 

Four  score  and  seven  years  ago  our  fathers  brought  forth  upon  this  conti- 
nent a  new  nation,  conceived  in  liberty,  and  dedicated  to  the  proposition  that 
all  men  are  created  equal. 

Now  we  are  engaged  in  a  great  civil  war,  testing  whether  that  nation,  or 
any  nation  so  conceived  and  dedicated,  can  long  endure.  We  are  met  on  a 
great  battlefield  of  that  war.  We  have  come  to  dedicate  a  portion  of  that 
field  as  a  final  resting  place  for  those  who  here  gave  their  lives  that  that 
nation  might  live.     It  is  altogether  fitting  and  proper  that  we  should  do  this. 

But  in  a  larger  sense,  we  cannot  dedicate — we  cannot  consecrate — we  cannot 
hallow  this  ground.  The  brave  men,  living  and  dead,  who  struggled  here, 
have  consecrated  it  far  above  our  poor  power  to  add  or  detract.  The  world 
will  little  note,  nor  long  remember,  what  we  say  here,  but  it  can  never  forget 
what  they  did  here.  It  is  for  us,  the  living,  rather,  to  be  dedicated  here  to 
the  unfinished  work  which  they  who  fought  here  thus  far  so  nobly  advanced. 
It  is  rather  for  us  to  be  here  dedicated  to  the  great  task  remaining  before  us — 
that  from  these  honored  dead  we  take  increased  devotion  to  that  cause  for 
which  they  gave  the  last  full  measure  of  devotion — that  we  here  highly 
resolve  that  these  dead  shall  not  have  died  in  vain — that  this  nation,  under 
God,  shall  have  a  new  birth  of  freedom  and  that  government  of  the  people,  by 
the  people,  and  for  the  people,  shall  not  perish  from  the  earth. 


Conclusion  of  Woodrow  Wilson's  Message  to  Congress,  April  2,  1917 

WE   MUST  ACCEPT   WAR:    RIGHT   IS   MORE   PRECIOUS 
THAN  PEACE 

It  is  a  distressing  and  oppressive  duty,  gentlemen  of  the  Congress,  which  I 
have  performed  in  thus  addressing  you.  There  are,  it  may  be,  many  months 
of  fiery  trial  and  sacrifice  ahead  of  us.  It  is  a  fearful  thing  to  lead  this  great, 
peaceful  people  into  war,  into  the  most  terrible  and  most  distressing  of  all 
wars,  civilization  itself  seeming  to  be  in  the  balance.  But  the  right  is  more 
precious  than  peace,  and  we  shall  fight  for  the  things  which  we  have  always 
carried  nearest  our  hearts — for  democracy,  for  the  right  of  those  who  submit 
to  authority  to  have  a  voice  in  their  own  governments,  for  the  rights  and 
liberties  of  small  nations,  for  a  universal  dominion  of  right  by  such  a  concert 
of  free  peoples  as  shall  bring  peace  and  safety  to  all  nations  and  make  the 
world  itself  at  last  free.  To  such  a  task  we  can  dedicate  our  lives  and  our 
fortunes,  everything  that  we  are  and  everything  that  we  have,  with  the  pride 
of  those  who  know  that  the  day  has  come  when  America  is  privileged  to  spend 
her  blood  and  her  might  for  the  principles  that  gave  her  birth  and  happiness 
and  the  peace  which  she  has  treasured.    God  helping  her,  she  can. do  no  other. 


USE  OF  THE  LIBRARY 

In  most  towns  and  cities,  if  you  have  been  a  resident  for  six  months,  you 
can  have  free  use  of  the  library  by  just  going  there  and  writing  your  name 
and  address  on  a  card  that  will  be  given  you. 

You  can  take  out  two  books  at  a  time  and  keep  them  two  weeks  before 
returning.  When  these  two  are  returned,  two  more  may  be  taken  out.  If  you 
live  near  a  town  or  city  you  can  usually  have  these  privileges  by  paying  $2 
a  year. 

You  can  have  a  package  library  sent  free  to  your  community  if  there  is  no 
library  there,  if  you  will  write  the  State  Library  Commission,  Raleigh,  N.  C, 
and  will  pay  the  freight  from  and  to  Raleigh. 

Book  Groups  Included  in  Library  List 

1.  Stories  to  read  aloud.  6.  Stories  of  adventure. 

2.  Fairy  stories.  7.  Stories  for  girls. 

3.  Hero  stories.  8.  Poetry. 

4.  Out-of-door  stories.  9.  Helpful  books. 

5.  Stories  of  our  country. 

Books  That  Many  People  Have  Enjoyed 

Books  to  Read  Aloud 

iEsop's  Fables — Illustrated  by  Walter  Crane. 

Fifty  Famous  Stories  Retold — Baldwin. 

Best  Stories  to  Tell  to  Children— 8.  C.  Bryant. 

Home  Fires  in  France — Canfield. 

Miss  Muffet's  Christmas  Party — Crothers. 

Di\  Danny — Durand  (especially  for  girls). 

Mary's  Meadow — Ewing. 

Rip  Van  Winkle  and  the  Legend  of  Sleepy  Hollow — Irving. 

English  Fairy  Tales — Jacobs. 

Tales  from  Shakespeare — Lamb. 

Dr.  Doolittle — Lofting. 

Bible  Stories  to  Read  and  Tell — Olcott. 

The  French  Twins — Perkins. 

Pepper  and  Salt — Pyle. 

Fables  and  Folk  Stories — Scudder. 

The  Blue  Flower — Van  Dyke. 

Tales  of  Laughter — Wiggin  &  Smith. 

Tales  of  Wonder — Wiggin  &  Smith. 

What  to  Do  Next — Canfield  Fisher. 

Some  Great  Stories  and  How  to  Tell  Them — Wyche. 

Miss  Minerva  and  William  Green  Hill — Calhoun. 

Alice  in  Wonderland — Carroll. 

Just  So  Stories — Kipling. 

Fairy  Stories 
Fairy  Tales — Andersen  (edited  by  Mrs.  Edgar  Lucas). 
David  Blaize  and  the  Blue  Door — Benson. 
The  Firelight  Fairy  Book — Benson. 
The  Sleeping  Beauty  and  Other  Tales — Quiller-Coucli. 
The  Little  Lame  Prince — Craik  (illustrated  by  Hope  Dunlap). 
A  Wonder  Book — Hawthorne  (illustrated  by  Maxfield  Parrish>. 
Tanglewood  Tales 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers  61 

Water  Babies — Kingsley. 

The  Princess  and  the  Goblin — McDonald. 

The  Wonder  Clock— Pyle. 

The  King  of  the  Golden  River — Ruskin. 

The  Pot  of  Gold— Wilkin  s. 

Fairy  Tales — Grimms. 

Hero  Stories 
The  Sainpo — Baldwin. 
The  Story  of  Roland — Baldwin. 
The  Story  of  Siegfried — Baldwin. 
In  the  Days  of  the  Giants — A.  F.  Broivn. 
Children  of  the  Dawn — Buckley. 
The  Fighting  Engineers — Collins. 

The  Adventures  of  Odysseus  and  the  Tale  of  Troy — Padriac  Colum. 
The  Roll  Call  of  Honor — Quiller-Couch. 
Hero  Myths  and  Legends  of  the  British  Race — Ebbutt. 
Pawnee  Hero  Stories — Grinnell. 
The  Heroes — Kingsley. 
The  Red  Book  of  Heroes — Andrew  Lang. 
The  Story  of  King  Arthur  and  His  Knights — Pyle. 
The  Merry  Adventures  of  Robin  Hood — Pyle. 

Out-of-Doors. 

The  Burgess  Animal  Book — Burgess  (excellent  pictures). 

The  Burgess  Bird  Book — Burgess  (excellent  pictures). 

Sharp  Eyes — Burroughs. 

Pierrot,  a  Dog  of  Belgium — Dyer. 

Insect  Adventures — Fabre. 

The  Story  Book  of  Science — Fabre. 

A  Little  Boy  Lost — Hudson. 

The  Jungle  Book — Kipling. 

The  Second  Jungle  Book — Kipling. 

The  Call  of  the  Wild — London. 

The  Child's  Life  of  the  Bee — Maeterlinck. 

Stickeen — Muir. 

Bird  Stories — Patch. 

Hexapod  Stories — Patch. 

Kindred  of  the  Wild — Roberts. 

Wild  Animals  I  Have  Known — Thomson-Seton. 

Black  Beauty — Sewell. 

Stories  of  Brave  Dogs — retold  from  St.  Nicholas   (Century  Co.). 

Beyond  the  Pasture  Bars — Sharp. 

Freckles — Porter. 

Stories  of  Our  Country. 

The  Perfect  Tribute — Andrews. 

With  the  Men  Who  Do  Things:  Pick,  Shovel,  and  Pluck — Bond   (invention 
and  achievement). 

The  True  Story  of  George  Washington — Brooks. 

The  True  Story  of  Abraham  Lincoln — Brooks. 

Redfolk  and  Wildfolk — Denning  (excellent  pictures). 

Indian  History  for  Young  Folks — Drake. 

The  Man  Without  a  Country — Hale. 

Young  People's  History  of  North  Carolina — D.  H.  Hill. 

The  Men  Who  Found  America — Hutchinson  (excellent  pictures). 


62     •  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

This  Country  of  Ours — Marshall. 

A  Short  History  of  Discovery — Van  Loon  (amusing  pictures). 

Robert  E.  Lee — P.  A.  Bruce  or  Gamaliel  Bradford. 

Washington's  Farewell  Address. 

Lincoln's  Gettysburg  Address. 

Wilson's  Message  to  Congress,  April  2,  1917. 

The  Land  of  Fair  Play  (a  civics). 

Franklin's  Autobiography  (Benjamin  Franklin's  own  story  of  his  life). 

Stories  of  Adventure. 

Gulliver's  Travels — Swift  (illustrated  by  Louis  Rhead). 

Treasure  Island — Stevenson  (N.  C.  Wyeth  edition). 

The  Blue  Pearl — Scoville. 

Stolen  Treasure — Pyle. 

The  Painted  Desert — Monroe. 

Lost  Indian  Magic — Moon. 

Careers  of  Danger  and  Daring — Moffat. 

Adrift  on  an  Ice  Pan — Grenfell. 

The  Life  and  Surprising  Adventures  of  Robinson  Crusoe — Defoe  (illustrated 
by  Louis  Rhead). 

The  Life  and  Adventures  of  Buffalo  Bill  (W.  S.  Cody)—  W.  L..Visscher. 

Ivanhoe — Scott. 

Nelly's  Silver  Mine — H.  H.  Jackson. 

Master  Simon's  Garden — Meigs   (New  England). 

Captains  Courageous — Kipling  (New  England). 

Tom  Sawyer — Clemens  (Mark  Twain). 

Huckleberry  Finn — Clemens   (Mark  Twain). 

The  Green  Door — Wilkins. 

The  Boy's  Life  of  Mark  Twain — A.  P.  Paine. 

Two  Little  Confederates — T.  N.  Page. 

Options,  The  Four  Million,  Strictly  Business,  The  Gentle  Grafter — 0.  Henry. 

Lives  of  Poor  Boys  Who  Became  Famous — Bolton. 

Swift  Family  Robinson — J.  D.  Wyss. 

Up  the  Mazaruni  for  Diamonds — La  Varne. 

The  Mutineers — C.  B.  Hawes. 

High  Adventure — J.  N.  Hall. 

The  Goldbug,  etc. — E.  A.  Poe. 

Luck  of  Roaring  Camp — Bret  Hart. 

The  U.  P.  Trail,  Desert  Gold,  Wild  Fire,  The  Mysterious  Rider,  The  Rainbow 
Trail — Zane  Grey. 

Stories  for  Girls. 

The  Secret  Garden — Burnett. 

Lady  Jane — Jamison  (New  Orleans). 

Jeanne  D'Arc — Buxton. 

Mrs.  Wiggs  of  the  Cabbage  Patch— Rice. 

Lovey  Mary — Rice. 

Heidi — Spyri. 

Ten  Girls  from  History — Sweetser. 

Rebecca  of  Sunnybrook  Farm — Wiggin. 

Polly  Oliver's  Problem — Wiggin. 

Little  Women,  Little  Men,  Jo's  Boys— Alcott. 

Little  Colonel  Books — A.  F.  Johnston. 

The  Story  of  My  Life— Helen  Keller. 

Blithe  McBride — B.  M.  Dix. 

Beatrice  of  Denewood — A.  B.  Knipe. 


-For  Pupils  and  Teachers  63 

The  Lucky  Sixpence — A.  B.  Knipe. 

The  Three  Margarets — L.  E.  Richards. 

Queen  Hildegarde — L.  E.  Richards. 

Florence  Nightengale — L.  E.  Richards. 

The  Barberry  Bush — S.  C.  Woolsey. 

A  Circuit  Rider's  Wife — Harris. 

What  Shall  We  Do  Now?— Dorothy  Canfield. 

Poetry 

The  Psalm  of  Life,  Hesperus,  The  Arrow  and  the  Song,  Hiawatha — Long- 
fellow. 

Lochinvar — Scott. 

If — Kipling. 

Bivouac — O'Hara. 

Songs  of  the  Soil — Stanton. 

Elegy — Gray. 

Crossing  the  Bar — Tennyson. 

Poems  of  Childhood — Field. 

Peacock  Pie — Be  La  Mare. 

The  Blue  Poetry  Book — Lang. 

A  Nonsense  Book — Lear. 

A  Child's  Garden  of  Verse — Stevenson. 

Golden  Numbers — Wiggin  and  Smith. 

Merchant  of  Venice — Shakespeare. 

Macbeth — Shakespeare. 

As  You  Like  It — Shakespeare. 

Midsummer  Night's  Dream — Shakespeare. 

Taming  of  the  Shrew — Shakespeare. 

Romeo  and  Juliet — Shakespeare. 

The  House  by  the  Road — S.  L.  Foss. 

Rhymes  of  a  Red  Cross. Man — Robert  W.  Service. 

Spell  of  the  Yukon — Robert  W.  Service. 

The  Home  Book  of  Verse — B.  E.  Stevenson. 

Heart  Throbs — Published  by  Chappie  Publishing  Co. 

Helpful  Books 

The  American  Boy's  Handy  Book — Beard. 

Saturday  Mornings — Burrell. 

How  the  World  is  Fed — F.  G.  Carpenter. 

How  the  World  is  Housed — F.  G.  Carpenter.   ■ 

How  the  World  is  Clothed — F.  G.  Carpenter. 

First  Aid  for  Boys — Cole  &  Ernst. 

The  First  Book  of  Farming — Goodrich. 

The  Care  and  Feeding  of  Children — Holt. 

Book  of  the  Ocean — Ingersoll. 

Three  Hundred  Things  a  Bright  Girl  Can  Do. 

The  Song  of  Life — Morley. 

Primer  of  Hygiene  and  Sanitation — Riche. 

How  It  Is  Done — Williams. 

The  World  Almanac. 

The  Child's  Book  of  Knowledge. 

Pilgrim's  Progress — Bunyan. 

Century  Dictionary. 

The  Child's  Day — Woods  Hutchinson. 

The  Success  Books— Harden. 


POSTAL  INFORMATION 

Addressing  mail  matter.  Write  plainly  the  name  of  the  person  ad- 
dressed, street  and  number,  or  number  of  rural  route,  postoffice,  and  state 
in  full. 

When  the  names  of  states  are  abbreviated,  they  are  often  confused. 

Letters  without  street  address  are  subject  to  delay. 

The  writer's  name  and  address  should  be  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner  of 
every  envelope. . 


Use  ink  in  addressing  envelopes. 

John  Wilson, 
R.  R.  No.  5, 
Asheville,  N.  C. 

Mr.  Frank  Brown, 
1036  Main  Street, 
Columbia,  S.  C. 

STAMP 

Domestic  mail  matter  is  divided  into  four  classes :  first,  second,  third,  and 
fourth. 

Matter  of  a  higher  class  inclosed  with  matter  of  a  lower  class  makes  the 
whole  come  under  the  higher  rate.  Letters  must  not  be  put  in  packages  unless 
the  whole  is  to  be  paid  for  at  letter  rates.  Otherwise  the  sender  is  liable  to 
a  fine  of  not  more  than  $100. 

First-class  matter  includes  letters,  post-cards,  and  all  hand  or  type- 
written matter,  whether  sealed  or  unsealed.  It  also  includes  all  matter  sealed 
or  otherwise  closed  to  inspection. 

Letters  mailed  in  offices  where  there  are  carriers  require  two  cents  postage 
per  ounce  or  fraction  of  an  ounce.  The  one-cent  postage  rate  applies  only  to 
small  offices  where  they  do  not  have  city  carriers. 

Second-class  matter.  Second-class  matter  includes  newspapers  and 
magazines  bearing  notice  of  entry  as  second-class  matter.  The  rate  on  news- 
papers and  magazines  (second-class  matter)  is  one  cent  for  each  four  ounces, 
or  fraction  of  four  ounces.  Many  people  are  under  the  impression  that  "a 
penny  will  carry  a  paper."  But  often  a  large  paper  will  weigh  more  than  four 
ounces  and  must  have  more  postage. 

Third-class  matter.  Third-class  matter  includes  circulars,  newspapers, 
and  magazines  not  admitted  as  second  class.  The  limit  of  weight  for  third- 
class  matter  is  four  pounds.  The  rate  of  postage  for  unsealed  third-class 
matter  is  one  cent  for  each  two  ounces,  or  fraction  thereof. 


! 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers  65 

Fourth-class  matter  includes  domestic  parcel  post  mail:  merchandise, 
farm  products,  and  all  other  mailable  matter  not  included  in  first,  second,  and 
third  class. 

Special  treatment  and  advantages  are  given  to  shipments  of  farm  products. 
The  limit  of  weight  of  fourth-class  matter  for  delivery  in  the  first,  second,  and 
third  zones  is  seventy  pounds. 

The  limit  of  size  is  eighty-four  inches  in  length  and  girth  combined.  A 
parcel  post  package  will  not  be  accepted  for  mailing  unless  it  has  on  it  the 
name  and  address ;  the  word  "from"  should  be  written  just  before  the  name. 

Game.  The  dead  bodies  of  any  wild  animals  or  birds,  or  parts  thereof, 
including  furs,  skins,  plumage,  etc.,  lawfully  killed  and  offered  for  shipment, 
may  be  accepted  for  mailing  only  when  the  parcels  are  plainly  marked  to  show 
the  actual  nature  of  the  contents  and  the  name  and  address  of  the  sender. 
The  dead  bodies,  or  parts  thereof,  of  any  wild  animals  or  birds  which  have 
been  killed  or  offered  for  shipment  in  violation  of  the  laws  of  a  state,  territory, 
or  district  are  unmailable,  persons  sending  such  articles  and  the  addressees 
knowingly  receiving  them  in  violation  of  law  being  liable  to  a  fine  of  not  more 
than  $200. 

Collect  on  delivery  (C.  O.  D.)  service.  The  full  value  of  a  C.  O.  D. 
parcel  should  be  stated  when  mailed,  in  order  that  a  proper  fee  be  collected, 
because  indemnity  may  not  be  collected  unless  a  fee  sufficient  to  cover  the 
amount  is  paid  at  the  time  the  parcel  is  mailed. 

0.  O.  D.  parcels  may  not  be  examined  before  all  charges  are  paid  in  delivery. 
It  is  unwise  for  a  person  to  accept  a  C.  O.  D.  parcel  not  ordered  by  him  as 
certain  unscrupulous  concerns  often  use  this  method  of  selling  their  goods  to 
people  who  do  not  understand  the  matter. 

Unmailable  matter.  That  is  matter  which  is  not  admissible  to  the 
United  States.  Mails  for  dispatch  or  delivery  in  the  United  States,  or  in  any 
of  its  possessions,  includes :  matter  with  defective  addresses,  postage  not  pre- 
paid, of  overweight  or  oversize;  meat  and  meat  food  products,  plants  and 
plant  products,  without  the  required  certificate  of  inspection  or  exemption ; 
poison  liquors,  etc.,  tinsel  glass,  that  will  injure  other  mail ;  obscene  and  inde- 
cent matter,  nor  matter  concerning  lottery  and  fraud  or  liquor  advertisement. 

Preparations  and  wrappings  of  mail  matter.  Envelopes  or  wrappers  of 
weak  or  unsubstantial  paper  should  not  be  used.  Mail  is  handled  often  and 
subjected  to  pressure  and  friction  on  the  mail  bags,  and  often  is  delivered 
from  moving  trains ;  so  if  it  is  not  inclosed  in  strong  envelopes  or  wrappers  it 
may  be  damaged.  It  is  recommended  that  stamped  envelopes,  on  sale  at  all 
postoffices,  be  used. 

Examinations.  Second,  third,  and  fourth-class  matter  must  be  so 
wrapped  that  the  contents  may  be  easily  examined  by  postal  officials ;  when 
not  so  wrapped,  or  when  bearing  or  containing  writing  not  authorized  by  law, 
the  matter  will  be  treated  as  of  first-class  mail. 

Mail  boxes.  Parcel  post  mail  may  be  inclosed  in  boxes  to  which  the 
lids  are  nailed  or  screwed,  provided  the  lids  can  be  readily  removed  with  a 
chisel  or  screw-driver  for  examination  of  contents. 

Wrapping.  All  matter  should  be  securely  wrapped  so  as  to  bear  trans- 
mission without  breaking,  or  injuring  mail  bags,  their  contents,  or  the  person 
handling  them.  Many  articles  are  damaged  in  the  mails  because  they  are  not 
properly  wrapped  to  withstand  the  necessary  handling. 

Parcels  weighing  20  pounds  or  under  are  generally  carried  mside  mail  bags 
with  other  mail ;  those  weighing  over  20  pounds  are  usually  carried  outside 
mail  bags.     They  should  be  wrapped  with  that  understanding. 
—5 


66  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

Umbrellas,  canes,  etc.,  must  be  reinforced  by  strips  of  wood,  or  otherwise 
sufficiently  wrapped  to  withstand  handling  and  transportation. 

Hats  must  be  packed  in  strong  boxes ;  if  in  ordinary  pasteboard  hat  boxes, 
they  must  be  properly  crated. 

Cut  flowers,  candies,  etc.,  should  be  inclosed  in  strong  and  suitable  boxes. 

Stove  castings  and  pieces  of  machinery  should  be  protected  with  excelsior 
or  similar  material  and  wrapped  in  cloth  or  strong  paper,  or  be  properly  boxed 
or  crated. 

Mailable  hides  and  pelts  must  be  thoroughly  wrapped  to  prevent  the  escape 
of  grease. 

Harmful  articles,  not  absolutely  excluded  from  the  mails,  but  which,  from 
their  form  and  nature,  might,  unless  properly  secured,  destroy,  deface,  or 
Otherwise  damage  the  contents  of  mail  bag  or  harm  the  person  of  any  one 
engaged  in  the  postal  service,  may  be  transmitted  in  the  mails  only  when 
packed  in  accordance  with  the  postal  regulations.  Sharp-pointed  or  sharp- 
edged  instruments  or  tools  must  have  their  points  and  edges  protected  so  that 
they  cannot  cut  through  their  covering,  and  be  thoroughly  wrapped. 

Powders  and  all  pulverized  dry  substances  must  be  so  wrapped  that  none  of 
the  contents  of  the  package  will  sift  out. 

Pastes,  salves,  etc.,  not  easily  made  liquid,  must  be  inclosed  in  water-tight 
containers  and  placed  in  strong  boxes  and  securely  wrapped. 

Liquids.  Admissible  liquids  in  packages  not  exceeding  the  limit  of 
weight  of  fourth-class  matter  will  be  accepted  for  mailing  when  intended  for 
delivery  at  the  office  of  mailing  or  on  a  rural  route  starting  therefrom  when 
inclosed  in  a  glass  or  metal  container  securely  inclosed  and  heavily  wrapped, 
provided  it  is  not  necessary  to  transport  them  over  steam  or  electric  railways. 
Admissible  liquids  and  oils,  pastes,  salves,  or  other  articles  easily  made  liquid 
will  be  accepted  for  mailing,  regardless  of  distance,  when  they  conform  to  the 
following  conditions : 

(a)  When  in  strong  glass  bottles,  holding  4  ounces  or  less,  the  total  quantity 
sent  in  one  parcel  shall  not  exceed  24  ounces,  liquid  measure.  Each  bottle 
shall  be  wrapped  in  paper  or  other  absorbent  substance,  and  then  all  placed  in 
a  box  made  of  cardboard  or  other  suitable  material  and  packed  in  a  container 
made  of  double-faced  corrugated  pasteboard  of  good  quality.  The  corners  of 
the  container  must  fit  tightly  and  be  reinforced  with  tape  so  as  to  prevent  the 
escape  of  any  liquid  if  the  container  should  be  broken,  and  the  whole  parcel 
shall  be  securely  wrapped  with  strong  paper  and  tied  with  twine.  Single 
bottles  of  liquid  holding  4  ounces  or  less  may  also  be  packed  as  prescribed  in 
the  following  paragraphs  (&)  and  (c). 

(6)  When  in  glass  bottles  holding  more  than  4  ounces,  the  total  quantity 
sent  in  one  parcel  shall  not  exceed  16  ounces.  The  bottle  must  be  very  strong, 
and  must  be  inclosed  in  a  block  or  tube  of  metal,  wood,  or  similar  material ; 
and  there  must  be  provided  between  the  bottle  and  block  or  tube  a  cushion  of 
cotton,  felt,  or  other  absorbent.  The  block  or  tube,  if  of  wood  or  papier-mache, 
must  be  at  least  one-eighth  of  an  inch  thick  for  bottles  holding  8  ounces  or  less, 
and  at  least  three-sixteenths  of  an  inch  thick  for  bottles  holding  more  than 
8  ounces.  The  block  or  tube  must  be  rendered  water-tight  by  an  application 
on  the  inside  of  paraffin  or  other  suitable  substances,  and  must  be  closed  by  a 
screw-top  cover  with  sufficient  screw  threads  to  require  at  least  one  and  one- 
half  complete  turns  before  it  will  come  off.  The  cover  must  be  provided  with 
a  washer,  so  that  no  liquid  could  escape  if  the  bottle  should  be  broken.  Such 
bottles  may  also  be  packed  in  strong  and  tight  receptacles  of  wood,  metal,  or 
water-proof  corrugated  pasteboard  if  surrounded  with  bran,  sawdust,  or  other 
absorbent  material  in  sufficient  quantity  to  absorb  all  the  liquid  if  the  bottle 
should  be  broken. 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers  67 

(c)  Mailable  liquids,  in  quantities  of  more  than  16  ounces,  when  in  securely 
sealed  glass  bottles,  will  be  accepted  for  mailing  when  packed  in  strong  boxes 
and  surrounded  with  sawdust  or  other  suitable  substances  to  protect  the  con- 
tents from  breakage.  All  such  packages  must  be  marked:  "Fragile.  This 
side  up,"    or   with   similar  inscription,    and   will   be   transported   outside    of 

mail  bags. 

(d)  Liquid  in  securely  closed  metal  containers  may  be  mailed  when  suitably 
boxed  or  crated;  but  when  in  extra  strong  metal  containers,  such  as  heavy 
Milk  cans,  the  boxes  or  crates  may  be  omitted. 

(e)  All  packages  containing  liquid  must  be  marked  "Fragile." 

Fragile  articles.  Articles  easily  broken  must  be  very  securely  wrapped 
for  safe  transmission.  Glass,  crockery,  fragile  toys,  etc.,  must  be  so  packed 
as  to  prevent  the  escape  of  particles  or  pieces  from  the  packages  if  broken  in 
transit.  Cigars  should  be  packed  in  a  manner  to  prevent  damage  by  shock 
or  jar.     All  such  articles  should  be  marked  "Fragile." 

Eggs  will  be  accepted  for  mailing  when  packed  in  crates,  boxes,  baskets,  or 
other  suitable  containers,  so  constructed  as  properly  to  protect  the  contents. 
Such  packages  will  be  transported  outside  of  mailbags.  All  parcels  containing 
eggs  must  be  plainly  marked  "Eggs."  When  necessary,  they  should  be  marked 
"This  side  up." 

Perishable  articles.  Parcels  containing  perishable  articles  shall  be 
marked  "Perishable." 

General  delivery.  The  Department  has  recently  issued  new  and  addi- 
tional instructions  to  postmasters  not  to  allow  the  use  of  the  general  delivery 
to  persons  whose  mail  could  be  otherwise  delivered. 

Special  delivery.  Use  a  special  delivery  stamp  only  on  matter  to  be 
promptly  delivered  on  arrival,  if  you  wish  to  secure  special  care  and  protection 
for  a  valuable  letter  or  sealed  package,  it  should  be  registered. 

The  money  order  system.  The  money  order  system  is  a  safe,  cheap,  and 
•convenient  method  of  sending  money  by  mail.  Application  for  a  money  order 
must  be  made  on  a  form  furnished  for  that  purpose,  and  be  presented  at  the 
money  order  window  of  the  postoffice,  or  one  of  its  stations.  Money  orders 
are  issued  for  any  desired  amount  from  1  cent  to  $100. 

Applications  may  be  made  through  rural  carriers,  who  will  furnish  the 
necessary  forms  and  give  receipts  for  the  amounts. 


THRIFT 

Thrift  means  care,  foresight,  tenderness  for  those  dependent  on  you. 

Better  be  safe  than  sorry- 
Saving  money  is  like  swimming ;  you  just  save,  that's  all.  There  is  no 
patent  way.  You  can  only  do  it  by  spending  less  than  you  earn.  Twice  two 
makes  four,  and  every  little  bit  added  to  what  you  have  makes  just  a  little  bit 
more.  And  once  you  get  the  saving  habit,  you  naturally  find  a  good  bank, 
open  an  account,  and  keep  it  up — that's  all.  It's  not  how  hard  you  work  that 
gets  you  ahead,  but  how  hard  you  save. 

The  whole  philosophy  of  thrift  was  given  by  an  Italian  laborer,  who  said : 
"If  I  get  a  dollar  a  day  and  spend  $1.01,  sometime  I  have  nothing ;  if  I  get  a 
dollar  a  day  and  spend  99  cents,  some  time  I  have  something." 

Make  all  you  can,  save  all  you  can,  give  all  you  can. — John  Wesley. 

Keeping  track  of  the  way  your  money  goes  is  the  first  step  in  thrift. 

Decide  before  you  open  your  pay  envelope  how  much  of  its  contents  you 
will  save. 

Keep  a  budget  of  family  expenses.     ( See  form  for  budget. ) 

THINK  AND  WIN 

If  you  think  you're  beaten,  you  are; 

If  you  think  you  dare  not,  you  don't ; 
If  you'd  like  to  win,  but  think  you  can't 

It's  almost  a  cinch  you  won't. 

If  you  think  you'll  lose,  you're  lost, 

For  out  in  the  world  we  find 
Success  begins  with  a  fellow's  will — 

It's  all  in  the  state  of  mind. 

If  you  think  you're  out-classed,  you  are ; 

You've  got  to  think  high  to  rise ; 
You've  got  to  be  sure  yourself 

Before  you  can  win  a  prize. 

Life's  battles  don't  always  go 

To  the  strongest  or  fastest  man, 
But  soon  or  late  the  man  who  wins 

Is  the  man  who  thinks  he  can. 

— McGlintock  Magazine. 

From  "Maxims  of  a  Self-made  Man" 

Success  springs  most  often  from  straight  thinking. 

Settle  on  the  right  thing  to  do,  and  then  do  it  right. 

Think  straight  and  you'll  travel  the  straightest  road  to  success. 

Look  ahead.     But  act  now. 

If  you,  my  friend,  would  take  a  pad  and  pencil  and  put  down  all  the  money 
you  have  made  in  the  last  twelve  months  against  what  you  have  spent,  the 
difference  would  show  you  where  you  are  going  and  what  you  are  going  to  be. 

You  mustn't  think  that  just  as  soon  as  you  open  a  bank  account  with  a. 
dollar  or  more  fortune  is  just  around  the  corner. 


Foe  Pupils  and  Teachers  69 

The  plain  fact  is  that  millions  of  people,  with  a  spasm  of  virtue,  start  to 
save  and  get  cold  feet  before  they  arrive  at  the  next  corner. 

Many  a  poor  finish  follows  a  good  start. 

Give  me,  every  time,  the  fellow  who  adds  regularly  to  a  small  bank  account. 
You  can  put  greater  dependence  on  him  than  on  the  one  who  isn't  reminded  of 
his  bank  account  until  his  week's  wages  are  all  spent.  He  knows  just  where 
he  is  going  all  the  time. 

It  isn't  the  start  alone  that  makes  a  fortune.     Be  a  bee-liner. 

Anybody  who  is  content  with  what  he  has,  what  he  is,  what  he  is  doing, 
and  the  way  he  is  doing  it,  has  stopped  growing.  He  is  going  down  hill 
instead  of  up.  The  fellow  who  is  always  working  towards  things  that  are  a 
little  out  of  his  reach,  who  is  saving  money  to  give  his  plans  a  lift,  is  the 
kind  of  chap  that  will  get  somewhere. 

Keep  your  money  in  the  bank  until  you  find  an  investment  your  banker  will 
pass  upon  as  sound.  There  are  plenty  of  them.  Be  an  investor,  by  all  means, 
but  a  sensible  one.  You've  hoed  a  long  row  to  accumulate  five  hundred  dollars, 
and  you've  acquired  character  with  it.  You'll  hoe  a  longer  row  getting  it  back 
if  you  plunge  it  into  an  investment  with  your  eyes  shut. 

If  you  want  to  make  money  you've  got  to  make  up  your  mind  to  three 
things : 

1.  You've  got  to  have  a  strong  will.  If  your  will  power  is  flabby,  give  it 
some  exercise  so  it  will  grow  strong. 

2.  You've  got  to  focus  your  effort  on  the  thing  you  intend  to  do.  Concen- 
trate with  a  bulldog  determination.  That's  where  your  will  power  comes  in. 
And  it's  where  it  gets  its  exercise,  too. 

3.  You've  got  to  fall  in  with  the  idea  that  you  can't  eat  cake  today  and  still 
have  it  tomorrow.  You've  got  to  decide  how  you'll  take  yours,  whether  you 
would  rather  have  a  little  now  or  a  lot  more  later  on.  If  you  choose  a  lot 
more  it  means  some  sacrifice  of  present  enjoyment  for  future  good. 

I  have  always  made  it  a  point  wherever  I  worked  to  look  for  more  to  do 
rather  than  to  see  how  little  I  could  do  and  get  by.  Long  hours  had  no  terror 
for  me. 

From  "Facts  and  Figures" 

It  is  bound  to  be  a  comfort  to  any  man  to  think  that  he  has  been  just  to 
his  fellow-man,  clean  and  decent,  generous  to  his  people;  that  he  has  been 
disposed  to  live  and  let  live. 

But  when  the  time  comes  for  us  to  cross  the  river,  there  are  few  of  us  who 
will  not  leave  behind  some  of  the  weaker  ones  who  are  not  prepared  to 
weather  the  storm,  whose  lack  of  health  and  lack  of  ability  and  experience 
render  them  unable  to  compete  with  our  every-day  trials. 

It  is  just  as  much  our  duty  to  provide  for  these  as  to  observe  the  Sabbath, 
or  to  say  our  prayers,  or  to  keep  any  of  the  commandments.  We  may  not  be 
able  to  do  this  on  a  large  scale,  but  if  we  don't  begin  on  a  small  scale  we  are 
not  likely  ever  to  get  anywhere. 

Read  the  lives  of  the  great  men  this  country  has  produced  and  you  will 
find  that  with  few  exceptions  they  have  come  from  the  lower  walks  of  life. 
They  have  had  their  ups  and  downs,  but  the  thing  you  notice  most  is  the  fact 
that  they  have  saved  and  cultivated  their  gifts.  They  have  added  to  their 
resources,  mental,  moral,  physical,  material. 

No  matter  what  your  business  or  occupation  may  be,  or  how  sincere  and 
honest  you  are,  when  you  meet  an  old  acquaintance,  one  of  the  first  things 
you  will  say  is,  "Well,  how  is  the  world  treating  you,  old  man?"  and  already 
in  your  mind  you  have  sized  him  up.  If  he  is  "seedy,"  you  are  not  quite  as 
glad  to  see  him.     You  may  not  own  up  to  it,  but  it  is  the  truth  just  the  same. 

The  world  likes  people  who  do  things,  who  make  headway.  If  you  "tote 
fair,"  are  kind,  and  are  making  headway,  the  world  is  with  you. 


70 


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72  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

Your  Savings — the  Wonders  of  Compound  Interest 

Many  people  never  become  prosperous  simply  because  they  do  not  realize 
or  know  how  money  grows.  They  find  it  hard  to  understand  that  a  dollar  is 
like  an  acorn,  from  which  a  tall  oak  can  grow.  If  you  plant  it  right  and  leave 
it  alone  the  results  are  sometimes  amazing.  Nothing,  perhaps,  has  so  impor- 
tant a  part  in  bringing  about  these  results  as  compound  interest.  When 
Benjamin  Franklin  said,  "Money  can  beget  money,  and  its  offspring  can  beget 
more,"  he  was  only  telling  what  compound  interest  does.  What  might  be 
called  the  arithmetic  of  steady  savings  makes  up  a  chapter  of  investment  that 
every  man  and  woman  should  know  about. 

First  of  all,  let  us  find  out  just  what  interest  is.  If  you  have  ever  had  to 
borrow  money  at  a  bank,  or  from  a  hard-hearted  individual,  you  will  know 
from  costly  experience  what  it  is.  Technically,  interest  is  the  charge  made 
for  the  use.  of  money.  It  is  like  the  rent  paid  for  a  house.  If  you  borrow 
money  from  any  one,  you  pay  him  interest ;  if  you  deposit  money  in  a  savings 
bank,  the  bank  pays  you  interest.  In  both  of  these  instances  the  money  has 
been  put  out  to  work  and  has  earned  more  money.  There  are  two  kinds  of 
interest,  simple  and  compound.  Compound  interest  enters  largely  into  the 
whole  range  of  savings  arid  into  the  question  of  how  to  increase  them. 

Simple  interest  is  the  interest  on  the  principal  only.  Take  the  sum  of  $100 
deposited  in  a  bank  that  computes  interest  semiannually  (twice  a  year).  The 
rate  is  six  per  cent.  This  means  that  every  six  months  the  deposit  would 
earn  three  dollars.  At  the  end  of  a  year  and  a  half  you  would  have  $109. 
The  working  principal  has  not  increased  at  all. 

Now,  take  the  same  sum  and  put  it  out  at  compound  interest  at  the  same 
rate.  In  six  months  it  would  earn  three  dollars,  and  there  would  be  a  total 
of  $103,  but  from  this  time  on  the  interest  would  be  added  to  the  principal  and 
become  part  of  it.  Instead  of  having  $100  at  work,  you  would  have  $103.  For 
the  next  six  months  the  interest  would  be  $3.09,  making  the  principal  for  the 
following  interest  period  $106.09. 

Thus,  with  each  interest  date,  the  working  principal  is  increased  by  the 
addition  of  the  interest  earned.  Your  principal,  in  other  words,  is  like  a 
rolling  snow-ball  that  gets  bigger  all  the  time. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  compound  interest.  Two  illustrations  may  best 
explain  them.  One  dollar  deposited  in  a  savings  bank  that  pays  four  per  cent 
will  amount  to  $2.19  in  twenty  years.  This  is  simple  compound  interest.  One 
dollar,  deposited  every  year  for  twenty  years  in  the  same  bank  at  the  same 
rate  of  interest,  will  become  $30.97.  This  is  progressive  compound  interest. 
If  you  put  just  one  dollar  in  the  bank  at  Christmas  for  your  baby  and  keep  it 
up  till  he  is  twenty  years  old,  he  will  have  a  Christmas  present  of  $30.97. 

To  get  the  full  results  of  compound  interest,  not  only  must  you  begin  to 
save,  but  you  must  keep  steadily  at  it.  When  we  see  the  effects  of  progressive 
saving,  we  find  out  just  how  valuable  it  is  to  get  the  thrift  habit. 

Nearly  everybody  can  save  five  cents  a  day.  This  amount  saved  each  day 
($1.50  a  month)  and  deposited  in  a  savings  bank  that  pays  four  per  cent 
interest  will  amount  to  $182.50  in  ten  years.  It  will  earn  $40.06  interest, 
making  its  total  value  at  the  end  of  that  time  $225.56,  rather  a  surprising 
result  of  the  setting  aside  of  a  single  carfare  every  day. 

Take  ten  cents  a  day,  which  means  a  deposit  of  three  dollars  every  month, 
and  put  it  through  the  same  process.  In  ten  years  you  will  have  saved  $365, 
which  will  have  earned  $80.36,  making  a  total  of  $445.36.  This  is  the  result 
of  sa\ing  just  one  dime  a  day.  As  you  increase  the  sum  saved  each  day  the 
value  of  steady  saving  is  clearly  seen. 

Fifteen  cents  a  day,  or  $4.50  saved  each  month  and  compounded  will  amount 
to  $668.18  in  ten  years.     Of  this  sum,  $120.68  is  interest  earned. 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers  73 

Twenty  cents  a  day,  or  $6  a  month,  will  amount  to  $890.99,  of  which  $160.99 
is  interest. 

If  you  are  able  to  put  aside  twenty-five  cents  a  day,  or  $7.50  a  month,  at 
the  end  of  ten  years  you  will  find  $1,113.75  to  your  credit.  If  you  are  able  to 
make  the  daily  saving  thirty  cents,  or  $9  a  month,  you  will  be  worth  $1,336.59, 
of  which  $322.16  is  interest,  while  fifty  cents  a  day,  or  $15  a  month,  will 
amount  to  $2,227.73,  of  which  $402.73  is  interest.  Forty  cents  a  day,  or  $12 
a  month,  will  roll  up  the  tidy  sum  of  $1,782.16. 

Looking  at  the  saving  of  a  dollar  a  week  from  a  different  angle,  you  find 
that  at  the  end  of  thirty  years  every  one  of  the  fifty-two  dollars  that  you  had  at 
the  end  of  the  first  year  had  increased  about  fifty-eight  times. 

It  has  been  figured  out  that  a  man  who  has  deposited  five  dollars  a  week, 
-every  week,  in  a  savings  bank  that  pays  four  per  cent  can  at  the  end  of 
twenty  years  draw  out  six  dollars  a  week  and  still  leave  his  wife  at  his  death 
all  the  money  that  he  had  originally  deposited. 

If  a  man  or  woman  is  able  to  save  a  dollar  a  day  the  results  are  big.  This 
amount,  put  into  a  savings  bank  that  pays  four  per  cent,  will  amount  to 
$1,967.98  in  principal  and  interest  at  the  end  of  five  years,  and  $4,455.74  at 
the  end  of  ten  years. 

How  Addition  Works  With  a  AVeekly  Savings  Deposit 

(Four  per  cent  interest,  compounded  semiannually.) 

$1  Per  $2  Per  $3  Per  $4  Per  $5  Per  $8  Per  $10  Pet- 
Week  Week  Week  Week  Week  Week  Week 

1  year  $  52.52  $105.04  $157.56  $    210.08  $    262.60  $    420.16  $    525.20 

■2  years 107.16  214.32  321.48  428.64  535.80  857.28  1,071.60 

3  years 164.00  328.00  492.00  656.00  820.00  1,312.00  1,640.00 

4  years 223.14  446.28  669.42  892.56  1,115.70  1,785.12  2,231.40 

5  years 2S4.67  569.34  854.01  1,138.68  1,423.35  2,277.36  2,846.70 


CIVICS 

Public  School  System: 

How  is  the  State  Board  of  Education  chosen? 

How  are  the  county  boards  chosen? 

How  much  control  has  the  state  over  district  schools? 

How  is  the  school  system  financed? 

What  are  the  requirements  and  salaries  of  teachers? 

Who  selects  the  teachers? 

Does  North  Carolina  have  free  text-books? 

What  is  the  compulsory  education  law? 

What  is  North  Carolina's  percentage  of  illiteracy?     White?    Colored? 

How  can  your  vote  help  school  conditions? 

What  is  North  Carolina  Doing  for  Her  Children? 

What  is  the  North  Carolina  Child  Welfare  Commission?  Of  whom  com- 
posed ? 

Explain  state  law  establishing  Child  Welfare  Department. 

Who  cares  for  delinquent  and  dependent  children  in  your  county? 

What  is  the  Child  Labor  Law? 

What  institutions  has  North  Carolina  to  care  for  delinquent,  defective,, 
and  dependent  children  and  adults? 

County  Government : 

What  makes  up  a  county? 

What  are  the  three  divisions  of  county  government? 

Illustrate  with  some  one  county. 

What  are  the  duties  of  the  county  commissioners? 

What  are  the  duties  of  the  county  board  of  education? 

Who  is  the  chief  executive  officer  in  the  county? 

What  are  the  duties  of  the  sheriff? 

How  are  the  judges  holding  courts  chosen?     What  are  their  duties? 

What  are  the  two  kinds  of  juries  and  the  duties  of  each? 

What  are  the  duties  of  the  coroner? 

Is  the  clerk  of  the  Superior  Court  a  court  of  record? 

What  other  county  officers  are  there? 

State  Legislature  and  Governor: 

How  often  does  the  Legislature  meet?  Of  whom  composed?  How  does- 
it  function?     Name  important  committee. 

How  much  control  has  Governor  over  Legislature? 

Name  two  branches  of  Legislature  and  presiding  officers. 

How  can  a  bill  be  presented  and  passed? 

The  Governor:   What  are  his  duties,  powers,  and  term  of  office? 

Can  he  succeed  himself?     How  is  he  elected?     How  removed? 

The  Legislators :  What  are  the  powers,  duties,  salaries,  and  terms  of 
the  Representatives?  Of  the  Senators?  How  elected?  How  re- 
moved. 

State  Constitution: 

What  rights  are  guaranteed  under  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina? 

How  was  the  Constitution  made,  and  how  may  it  be  changed? 

How  may  a  new  Constitution  be  obtained?     What  is  the  date  of  our 

present  Constitution? 
How  many   Constitutions  has  North  Carolina  had   since  it  became  a 

State? 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers  75 

6.  Health  and  Social  Hygiene: 

Outline  health  system  of  North  Carolina. 

Who  compose  State  Board  of  Health?    How  elected,  and  for  how  long? 

Who  compose  county  board  of  health?     How  elected,  and  for  how  long? 

Has  every  county  a  health  officer?     Has  your  county? 

State  Health  Officer :    His  duties,  powers,  salary,  and  term  of  office? 

Who  compose  his  staff? 
Has  North  Carolina  birth  and  death  registration? 
Has  North  Carolina  prison  and  jail  inspectors? 
Has  North  Carolina  school  inspection? 
Has  North  Carolina  factory  inspection? 
Are  there  any  State  laws  to  check  spread  of  tuberculosis  and  venereal 

diseases? 
Has  North  Carolina  any  State  Hospitals  or  detention  homes  for  these 

diseases? 
Is  there  a  sanitary  rest  room  in  the  county-seat  of  your  county  for  the 

county  women  and  children? 
Has  North  Carolina  food,  milk,  and  water  inspection? 
What  are  some  of  the  big  aids  to  health  offered  by  the  State  and  county? 
How  may  we  aid  in  preventing  the  spread  of  disease? 

7.  Taxation: 

What  is  the  State  Tax  Commission?     Its  powers  and  duties? 

Name  various  State  taxes. 

How  does  North  Carolina's  tax  rate  compare  with  that  of  other  states? 

Who  has  power  to  levy  county  taxes?    Who  collects  them? 

What  is  your  city  tax?     Illustrate  with  some  city.     Who  collects  it? 

Can  your  city  increase  its  rate  of  taxation?     If  not,  why  not,  and  how 

may  this  matter  be  remedied? 
What  is  poll  tax?     For  what  is  it  used? 

8.  Political  Parties: 

What  is  meant  by  Government,  by  political  parties? 

How  are  candidates  chosen? 

What  are  conventions  and  what  are  primaries? 

9.  Congress,  the  President,  and  the  Cabinet- 

Name  two  branches  of  Congress.     Of  whom  composed? 

How  many  Senators  and  Congressmen  from  your  State,  their  duties, 

powers,  salaries,  and  terms  of  office?     How  chosen? 
Records. 
State  duties  and  powers  of  President ;   salary ;   term  of  office.     How 

chosen  ? 
The  cabinet :   Name  departments.     Name  cabinet  officers,  duties,  powers, 

salaries,  and  terms  of  office. 

10.  The  Judiciary  System,  National,  State,  and  Local: 

What  is  Supreme  Court  of  United  States?     Of  whom  composed? 

How  chosen?     Salaries,  terms  of  office,  duties,  and  powers. 

What,  and  of  whom  composed,  and  how  chosen,  is  the  Court  of  Appeals? 

U.  S.  District  Court?     The  Court  of  Claims? 
Explain   the    State   judiciary    system,    covering    Supreme    Court.     Who 

compose   these   courts?    How   chosen,   duties,   powers,   salaries,    and 

terms  of  office? 
If  a  public  officer  is  impeached,  before  whom  is  he  tried  ? 
What  are  the  justice  of  the  peace  courts? 
What  are  the  duties  of  the  grand  jury  and  of  the  petit  jury  in  the 

U,  S.  District  Courts? 


76  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

11.  Information  the  United  States  Government  Offers,  Washington,  D.  C: 

For  the  farmer — Department  of  Agriculture. 

For  the  working  man — the  Department  of  Labor. 

For  the  woman  in  her  home — Office  of  Home  Economics. 

The  mother  and  baby — Children's  Bureau,  Department  of  Labor. 

The  immigrant — Department  of  Labor. 

The  negro — Bureau  of  Education. 

For  girls  and  boys — Bureau  of  Education. 

12.  Similar  Information  From  the  State,  Raleigh,  N.  O. : 

For  the  farmer— State  Department  of  Agriculture. 
For  the  working  man — State  Department  of  Labor. 
For  the  woman  in  her  home — State  Board  of  Health. 

Public  School  System 

Q.  How  is  the  State  Board  of  Education  chosen? 

A.  The  Governor,  Lieutenant-Governor,  Secretary  of  State,  Treasurer,  Audi- 
tor, Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  and  Attorney-General  constitute  the 
State  Board  of  Education. 

Q.  How  is  the  county  board  of  education  chosen? 

A.  The  county  board  of  education  consists  of  three  or  more  members  elected 
by  the  General  Assembly  from  those  nominated  at  the  party  primaries  or  con- 
ventions by  the  political  parties  of  the  State. 

Q.  How  much  control  has  the  State  over  district  schools? 

A.  The  State  Board  of  Education  has  full  power  to  legislate  and  make  all 
needful  rules  and  regulations  in  relation  to  free  public  schools  and  the  educa- 
tional fund  of  the  State ;  but  all  acts,  rules,  and  regulations  of  said  board  may 
be  altered  and  amended  or  repealed  by  the  General  Assembly. 

Q.  How  is  the  school  system  financed? 

A.  1.  County  Teachers'  Salary  Tax :  The  county  levies  a  special  tax  for 
support  and  maintenance  of  the  public  schools  for  six  months.  After  levying 
this  maximum  rate,  any  deficiency  is  supplied  by  the  State  Board  of  Education 
out  of  the  State  Public  School  Fund. 

2.  Building  and  Incidental  Tax:  A  special  tax  may  be  levied  for  building 
and  incidental  expenses.  Out  of  this  fund  are  appropriated  sums  for  certain 
salaries,  for  teachers'  training,  for  school  extension  work,  for  buildings  and 
incidentals. 

3.  Special  Tax  Districts:  Special  taxes  may  be  levied  for  supplementing 
teachers'  salaries,  for  prolonging  the  school  term,  for  additional  building  and 
incidental  expenses,  and  bond  tax. 

4.  Poll  tax  is  added  to  the  building  and  incidental  fund. 
Q.  Who  selects  teachers? 

A.  The  school  committee,  appointed  by  the  county  board  of  education,  has 
authority  to  employ  teachers,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  county  superin- 
tendent. 

Q.  Does  North  Carolina  have  free  text-books? 

A.  No. 

Q.  What  is  the  Compulsory  Education  Law? 

A.  Every  parent,  guardian,  or  other  person  having  charge  of  a  child  between 
the  ages  of  seven  and  fourteen  years  shall  cause  such  child  to  attend  school 
continuously  for  a  period  equal  to  the  time  which  the  public  school  shall  be 
in  session. 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers  77 

Q.  What  are  the  requirements  and  salaries  of  teachers? 
A.  Kind  of  teachers'  certificates  held : 

Monthly  Salary 
No  expe- 

1.  Primary,  Grammar,  or  High  School :  Hence  1  yr.    2  yrs.  3  yrs.       4  yrs. 

a.  Graduate  of  a  college $100     $105     $110     $120     $133.33 

1).  Graduate  of  normal  school  or  3  years 

standard  college  credit - ao        95      100      105      110 

c.  Based  on  2  years  college  credit  or  by 

examination  85         90        95       100       105 

2.  Elementary : 

a.  Equivalent  one  college  year 75         SO        S5         90        95 

6.  Without  college  training 65         70        75         80         85 

Lower  Certificates  Monthly  Salary 

3.  Temporary    $60 

4.  Provisional  A  55 

5.  Provisional  B  50 

6.  Second  grade  - 45 

Q.  How  can  your  vote  help  school  conditions? 

A.  If  you  have  not  a  consolidated  school  in  your  district,  work  for  that. 

Q.  What  is  North  Carolina's  percentage  of  illiteracy? 

A.  All  illiterates,  13.1  per  cent ;  native  white  illiterates,  8.2  per  cent ;  negro 
illiterates,  24.5  per  cent.  (In  the  Federal  Census,  illiteracy  means  "unable 
to  write.") 

Number  of  illiterates,  10  years  old  and  over,  241,445.  Of  this  number, 
104,643  are  native  whites,  of  native  parentage  ;  171  are  of  foreign  mixed  parent- 
age, and  474  are  of  foreign  birth.     The  number  of  illiterate  negroes  is  133,516. 

What  North   Carolina  is  Doing  for  Her  Children 

Q.  What  is  the  State  Child  Welfare  Commission? 

The  State  Child  Welfare  Commission  is  composed  of  the  Superintendent  of 
Public  Instruction,  secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Health,  and  Commissioner 
of  Public  Welfare,  who  serve  without  additional  pay.  It  is  the  duty  of  this 
commission  to  see  to  the  enforcement  of  the  Compulsory  School  Attendance 
Law  and  Child  Labor  Act,  the  act  to  compel  all  persons  and  corporations 
engaged  in  manufacturing  or  other  business  enterprises  where  male  and  female 
employees  are  employed  to  provide  separate  and  distinct  toilets,  and  the  act 
to  require  employers  of  female  employees  to  provide  seats  therefor. 

Q.  Explain  State  law  establishing  a  Child  Welfare  Department. 

A.  In  creating  a  State  Board  of  Charities  and  Public  Welfare,  the  law  makes 
it  obligatory  that  this  department  study  and  promote  the  welfare  of  dependent 
and  delinquent  children,  supervise  either  directly  or  through  a  bureau  the 
placing  of  dependent,  neglected,  and  defective  children,  and  inspect  and  license 
all  State  and  private  child-caring  institutions,  maternity  homes,  and  other 
organizations  receiving  or  placing  dependent  children. 

To  undertake  this  work,  a  special  division  of  the  State  Board  of  Charities 
and  Public  Welfare  has  been  created,  called  the  Division  of  Child  Welfare. 

The  laws  for  the  protection  and  supervision  of  dependent  and  neglected 
childhood  are  human  and  essential,  and  a  central  bureau  or  division  to  see 
the  enforcement  of  the  law  is  necessary. 

The  duty  of  society  toward  the  dependent  or  defective  child  is  not  discharged 
when  the  child  is  given  institutional  care ;  there  must  be  some  one  with  expert 
knowledge  responsible  for  seeing  that  institutions  are  conducted  along  certain 


78  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

recognized  lines  of  standards  and  principles.  Moreover,  there  are  always  to 
be  found  individuals  and  organizations  who  will  exploit  childhood  unless  they 
are  held  in  check  by  law  and  authority. 

Q.  Who  cares  for  delinquent  and  dependent  children  in  your  county? 

A.  The  law  requires  that  in  every  county  of  the  State  there  shall  be  a 
superintendent  of  public  welfare,  a  county  board  of  public  welfare,  and  a 
juvenile  court. 

Q.  What  does  the  Child  Labor  Law  forbid  as  to  the  employment  of  children 
under  fourteen  years,  and  those  under  sixteen  years  of  age? 

A.  Sec.  5.  No  child  under  the  age  of  fourteen  years  shall  be  employed  or 
permitted  to  work  in  or  about  or  in  connection  with  any  mill,  factory,  cannery, 
workshop,  manufacturing  establishment,  laundry,  bakery,  mercantile  estab- 
lishment, office,  hotel,  restaurant,  barber  shop,  bootblack  stand,  public  stable, 
garage,  place  of  amusement,  brick  yard,  a  lumber  yard,  or  any  messenger  or 
delivery  service,  except  in  cases  and  under  regulations  prescribed  by  the  com- 
mission hereinafter  created :  Provided,  the  employment  in  these  sections 
enumerated  shall  not  be  construed  to  include  bona  fide  boys'  and  girls'  canning 
clubs  recognized  by  the  Agricultural  Department  of  this  State;  and  such 
canning  clubs  are  hereby  expressly  exempted  from  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

Sec.  6.  No  person  under  sixteen  years  of  age  shall  be  employed,  or  per- 
mitted to  work,  at  night  in  any  of  the  places  or  occupations  referred  to  in 
section  five  of  this  act,  between  the  hours  of  nine  p.  m.  and  six  a.  m.,  and  no 
person  under  sixteen  years  of  age  shall  be  employed  or  permitted  to  work  in 
or  about  or  in  connection  with  any  quarry  or  mine. 

Q.  What  institutions  has  North  Carolina  for  delinquent,  dependent,  and 
defective  children  and  adults? 

A.  Jackson  Training  School,  Concord,  for  the  training  and  care  of  delinquent 
white  boys  under  sixteen  years  of  age.  Samarcand  Manor,  Samarcand,  Moore 
County,  for  training  and  care  of  delinquent  white  girls.  Caswell  Training 
School,  Kinston,  for  care  of  mentally  defective  white  children  from  six  to 
twenty-one  and  women  to  thirty.  School  for  the  Deaf,  White,  Morganton ; 
School  for  Blind,  White,  Raleigh  ;  School  for  Blind  and  Deaf,  Colored,  Raleigh  ; 
Institution  for  Crippled  Children,  Gastonia. 

In  addition  to  these,  there  are  twenty-six  institutions  supported  by  religious 
and  other  agencies  for  the  care  and  training  of  dependent  and  delinquent 
women  and  children. 

For.  details,  write  for  bulletin  of  the  North  Carolina  State  Board  of  Charities 
and  Public  Welfare— Vol.  No.  3,  Third  Quarter,  1920,  Raleigh,  N.  C.  Also, 
Vol.  4,  Fourth  Quarter. 

For  adults  there  are  county  homes  in  every  county  for  dependents,  and  three 
hospitals  for  the  insane,  two  for  white  patients,  at  Morganton  and  Raleigh, 
and  one  for  colored,  at  Goldsboro. 

Social  agencies  promoting  child  welfare: 

State  Board  of  Charities  and  Public  Welfare,  Division  Child  Welfare, 
Raleigh,  N.  C. 

State  Board  of  Health,  Bureau  Infant  Hygiene,  Raleigh,  N.  C. 

School  of  Public  Welfare,  University  of  North  Carolina,  Chapel  Hill. 

Children's  Bureau,  U.  S.  Department  Labor,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Russell  Sage  Foundation,  130  E.  22d  St.,  New  York. 

Playground  and  Recreation  Association  of  America,  No.  1  Madison  Ave., 
New  York. 

Boy  Scouts  of  America,  headquarters  National  Council,  The  Fifth  Avenue 
Building,  New  York. 

American  Child  Hygiene  Association,  1211  Cathedral  St.,  Baltimore,  Md. 

National  Association  of  Travelers'  Aid  Societies,  25  W.  43d  St.,  New  York. 


Foe  Pupils  and  Teachers  79 

Child's  Health  Organization  of  America,  370  Seventh  Ave.,  New  York. 
National  Child  Labor  Committee,  105  E.  22d  St.,  New  York. 
National  Child  Welfare  Association,  70  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 
National  Committee  for  Mental  Hygiene,  50  Union  Square,  New  York. 

A  Well  Baby's  Daily  Program 

3-hour  4-hour 
feeding  intervals    feeding  intervals 

Early  morning  nursing 8  :30  6  :00  a.  m. 

Plays  in  crib  or  pen 6:00  a.  m.  6:30-9:30 

Takes  fruit  juice  (after  3  months) 6:30-  8:30  9:30 

Bath 8:30  9:30  p.  m. 

Mid-morning  nursing 9  :00  10  :00 

Long  nap,  outdoors,  if  possible 9  :30-12  :00  10 :30-2  :00 

Midday  nursing 12  :00  2  :00 

Short  nap,  outdoors,  if  possible 1 :00-  2  :30  2  :00-3  :30 

Mid-afternoon  nursing 3  :00  p.  m. 

Awake,  outdoors  in  suitable  weather 3  :30-  5  :30  3  :30 

Undressed  and  rubbed,  clothes  changed 5:30 

Bed-time  nursing  and  put  to  sleep 6  :30  p.  m. 

Night  nursing 10  :00  or  later 

Unbroken  sleep  until  morning. 

This  program  is  taken  from  a  helpful  little  bulletin  called  "The  Care  of  the 
Baby,"  sent  out  free  by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Labor,  Children's  Bureau, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Another  excellent  bulletin  is  "Hints "to  North  Carolina  Mothers  Who  Want 
Better  Babies,"  Bulletin  201,  State  Board  of  Health.  Raleigh,  N.  C. 

Also  from  the  State  Board  of  Health,  Raleigh,  N.  C,  may  be  had  a  table 
showing  what  the  heights  and  weights  of  children  should  be. 

Q.  What  do  growing  children  need? 

A.  (Dodger  No.  10,  U.  S.  Department  of  Labor,  Children's  Bureau,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.) 

County  Government 

Q.  What  makes  up  a  county? 

A.  A  county  is  a  subdivision  of  the  State  with  certain  powers  of  government 
conferred  on  a  board  of  commissioners  by  the  Legislature,  such  as  authority 
to  issue  bonds  and  build  roads,  bridges,  and  county  institutions. 

Q.  What  are  the  three  divisions  of  county  government?  Illustrate  with 
some  one  county. 

Q.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  county  commissioners? 

A.  Chiefly  to  manage  the  finances  and  business  of  the  county. 

Q.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  county  board  of  education? 

A.  The  county  school  board  is  a  separate  and  distinct  elective  body  of  three 
men,  who  have  charge  of  our  school  system,  assisted  by  a  superintendent  of 
county  schools  who  is  appointed  by  the  school  board. 

Q.  Who  is  the  chief  executive  officer  in  the  county? 

A.  The  sheriff. 

Q.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  sheriff? 

A.  Serve  all  papers  in  civil  and  criminal  actions  pending  in  the  Superior 
Court.  Serve  executions  and  other  processes  issuing  from  the  clerk  of  the 
Superior  Court  or  the  judge  of  the  Superior  Court.  To  see  that  all  laws  are 
enforced  in  the  county. 


80  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

Q.  How  are  the  judges  holding  courts  chosen,  and  what  are  their  duties? 

A.  By  election  by  the  people.  They  hold  office  for  eight  years  at  a  time. 
Their  duties  are  to  try  all  cases,  both  criminal  and  civil,  which  come  before 
them  on  appeal,  either  from  the  magistrates,  the  city  police  court,  or  the  clerk 
of  the  court,  and  all  cases,  both  civil  and  criminal,  which  originally  start  in 
the  Superior  Court.  All  civil  matters  involving  more  than  $200  must  be 
started  in  the  Superior  Court ;  amounts  less  than  this  can  be  sued  for  before 
a  magistrate. 

In  addition  to  the  judge  of  our  Superior  Court,  we  have  a  judge  of  the 
city  juvenile  court1  and  a  judge  of  the  county  juvenile  court.  The  clerk  of 
the  Superior  Court,  by  virtue  of  his  office,  is  the  judge  of  the  county  juvenile 
court.  In  this  court  all  cases  where  the  parties  are  under  sixteen  years  of 
age  come  for  a  hearing.  All  children  whose  custody  is  in  dispute  and  all 
neglected  children  of  the  county  are  in  charge  of  this  court. 

Q.  What  are  the  two  kinds  of  juries  and  the  duties  of  each? 

A.  The  grand  jury  and  the  petit  jury.  The  grand  jury,  composed  of  eighteen 
men,  whose  duty  it  is  to  pass  on  all  indictments  and  either  find  true  bills  or 
not  true  bills.  The  petit  jury  is  composed  of  twelve  men,  and  they  try  all 
cases,  both  criminal  and  civil,  and  pass  on  the  facts  only  in  the  case.  The 
judge  rules  on  questions  of  law. 

Q.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  coroner? 

A.  The  coroner's  duty  is  to  examine  into  the  cause  of  all  suspicious  or 
unknown  causes  of  death.  And  at  times,  in  case  suit  is  brought  against  the 
sheriff,  to  serve  papers  on  the  sheriff. 

Q.  Is  the  clerk  of  Superior  Court  a  court  of  record? 

A.  The  clerk  of  the  Superior  Court  is  a  court  of  record,  having  a  seal.  In 
this  office  is  kept  a  record  of  all  cases,  both  criminal  and  civil,  that  are  tried 
in  the  Superior  Courts.  All  wills  are  probated  and  recorded  in  this  office. 
Division  of  lands,  by  order  of  court,  between  heirs,  is  kept  in  this  office. 
Record  of  appointment  of  all  guardians  and  administrators  are  kept  in  this 
office. 

Q.  What  other  county  officers  are  there? 

A.  Besides  the  board  of  commissioners,  sheriff,  and  clerk  of  the  Superior 
Court,  we  have  a  treasurer,  register  of  deeds,  tax  collector,  and  county  auditor. 

State  Legislature  and  Governor 

Q.  How  often  does  the  Legislature  meet? 

A.  In  January  of  each  odd  year — every  two  years. 

Q.  Of  whom  composed? 

A.  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives. 

Q.  How  does  it  function? 

A.  A  bill  must  pass  both  houses  before  it  can  become  a  law. 

Q.  Name  important  committee. 

A.  One  important  committee  is  the  Committee  on  Education. 

Q.  How  much  control  has  Governor  over  the  Legislature? 

A.  Not  any. 

Q.  Name  two  branches  of  Legislature  and  presiding  officers. 

A.  Senate,  Lieutenant  Governor :  House  of  Representatives,  Speaker. 

Q.  How  can  a  bill  be  presented  and  passed? 

A.  The  name  of  a  bill  is  read  in  the  House  either  by  the  man  introducing 
it,  or  by  the  clerk  of  the  House  by  direction  of  some  one  interested  in  it,  and 
then  it  is  referred  to  some  committee  either  by  the  motion  of  some  one  or  by 
the  chairman  of  the  House ;  afterwards  the  committee  reports  "favorably"  or 
"unfavorably"  on  the  bill  and  it  is  placed  on  a  calendar  in  the  order  in  which 
introduced,  and  it  is  thus  brought  before  the  House  for  a  vote. 


Fou  Pupils  and  Teachers  81 

Q.  Who  are  your  Representatives  and  Senator? 
A 

Q.  The  Governor:  What  are  his  duties,  powers  and  term  of  office? 

A.  His  duties  are  to  send  messages  to  the  Legislature  whenever  it  meets ; 
act  as  Chairman  of  the  Council  of  State ;  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 
of  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  and  make  certain  official  appointments. 
He  has  the  power  to  pardon  people  who  have  been  convicted  of  crime,  and  to 
call  an  extra  session  of  the  Legislature.    His  term  of  office  is  four  years. 

Q.  Can  he  succeed  himself? 

A.  No. 

Q.  How  is  he  elected? 

A.  By  direct  vote  of  the  people. 

Q.  How  removed? 

A.  By  expiration  of  his  term  of  office,  or  by  the  General  Assembly  when 
convicted  of  crime  in  office. 

Q.  The  Legislators:  What  are  their  powers,  duties,  salaries,  and  terms? 

A.  The  Legislature  can  pass  any  law  the  passage  of  which  is  not  prohibited 
by  the  Constitution  of  this  State  or  by  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 
The  duties  of  legislators  are  to  attend  all  roll  calls,  committee  meetings,  and 
vote  according  to  their  best  judgment  on  everything  that  comes  up.  Their 
salaries  amount  to  $4  per  day  and  mileage  for  a  term  of  not  more  than  sixty 
days,  except  that  the  Governor  may  call  an  extra  session  of  not  more  than 
twenty  days,  and  the  term  is  two  years.  Senators  and  Representatives  have 
practically  the  same  powers,  duties,  salaries,  and  terms. 

Q.  How  elected? 

A.  By  a  popular  vote,  either  of  a  county  or  district. 

Q.  How  removed? 

A.  By  expiration  of  the  term,  or  they  may  be  expelled  by  their  own  house 
on  account  of  misconduct. 

State  Constitution 

Q.  What  rights  are  guaranteed  under  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina? 
A.  Article  I  of  the  Constitution  is  called  the  "Declaration  of  Rights,"  and 
has  the  following  rights  guaranteed : 

a.  Life. 

b.  Liberty. 

c.  The  enjoyment  of  the  fruits  of  our  own  labor. 

d.  The  pursuit  of  happiness. 

e.  The  people  are  the  source  of  political  power  and  government. 

f.  The  people  have  the  right  to  regulate  the  internal  government  of  this 
State. 

g.  Laws  cannot  be  suspended  except  by  the  Legislature, 
h.  Freedom  of  elections. 

i.  In  criminal  prosecutions  a  man  has  the  right  to  be  informed  of  the  accusa- 
tion against  him. 

j.  In  criminal  prosecutions  every  man  has  a  right  to  be  confronted  by  his 
accusers. 

k.  In  criminal  prosecutions  every  man  has  a  right  to  counsel. 

1.  No  man  can  be  compelled  to  give  evidence  against  himself  in  criminal 
actions. 

m.  No  man,  in  a  criminal  action,  can  be  made  to  pay  the  witness  fees  in  his 
defense  unless  he  is  found  guilty. 

n.  No  person  can  be  compelled  to  answer  a  criminal  charge  except  upon 
indictment,  presentment,  or  impeachment. 
—6 


82  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

o.  No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  a  crime  except  upon  the  unanimous 
verdict  of  a  jury  of  good  and  lawful  men  in  open  court. 

p.  No  person  shall  be  required  to  give  excessive  bail. 

q.  No  person  shall  be  required  to  pay  an  excessive  fine. 

r.  No  person  shall  be  punished  by  cruel  and  unusual  punishment. 

s.  No  person  shall  be  imprisoned  for  debt  unless  he  has  committed  fraud. 

t.  No  person  shall  be  deprived  of  his  life,  liberty  or  property  but  by  the 
law  of  the  land.    This  was  taken  from  the  Magna  Charta. 

u.  Trial  by  jury  is  guaranteed  to  settle  disputes  over  property. 

v.  The  freedom  of  the  press  is  guaranteed. 

w.  The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended. 

x.  There  shall  be  no  property  qualification  for  voters. 

y.  No  tax  shall  be  imposed  except  by  a  vote  of  the  people  or  by  consent  of 
their  representatives  in  the  General  Assembly. 

z.  Every  person  shall  be  allowed  to  keep  and  bear  arms.  This  does  not 
mean  "concealed  weapons." 

a.  People  have  a  right  to  assemble  and  apply  to  the  Legislature  for  redress 
of  grievances. 

6.  Freedom  of  religion  is  guaranteed. 

c.  No  ew  >post  facto  law  shall  be  passed. 

d.  The  courts  shall  be  open  to  all  people  for  redress  of  injuries  to  lands, 
person,  or  reputation. 

e.  No  soldier  shall  in  times  of  peace  be  quartered  in  a  private  home  without 
the  consent  of  the  owner,  and  in  times  of  war  only  in  a  manner  prescribed 
by  law. 

Q.  How  was  the  Constitution  made? 

A.  By  a  convention  in  1S68. 

Q.  How  may  it  be  changed? 

A.  By  an  amendment  being  voted  by  a  three-fifths  majority  of  each  house 
of  the  General  Assembly,  and  then  by  having  the  proposition  carried  by  a 
majority  of  the  votes  cast  at  the  next  general  election.  That  is.  it  must  be 
carried  by  both  the  General  Assembly  and  the  people. 

Q.  How  may  a  new  Constitution  be  obtained? 

A.  Two-thirds  of  each  House  of  the  General  Assembly  must  vote  in  favor  of 
a  Convention ;  then  the  matter  is  submitted  to  the  people  at  the  next  general 
election,  and  if  the  people  vote,  a  majority,  in  favor  of  same,  then  the  General 
Assembly  will  call  the  Convention. 

Q.  How  many  constitutions  has  North  Carolina  had  since  it  became  a  State? 

A.  The  first  Constitution  was  adopted  in  convention  in  1776;  this  Constitu- 
tion was  amended  in  1S35.  A  new  Constitution  was  drafted  in  convention  in 
1868.  This  Constitution  was  amended  in  1S75,  1900,  1916,  1918,  and  again 
in  1920. 

Health  and  Social  Hygiene 

Q.  Outline  of  health  system  of  North  Carolina? 
A.  Board  of  Health  :  the  board  proper  and  the  executive  staff. 
Q.  Bureaus  of  executive  staff? 

A.  1.  County  Health  Work — To  interest  county  authorities  in  providing 
efficient  county  health  departments  and  to  advise  and  assist  such  departments. 

2.  Vital  Statistics — To  secure  accurate  and  official  certificates  for  every  birth 
and  death.  Keep  exact  vital  record,  comparative  conditions  of  all  parts  of  the 
State  with  reference  to  sexes,  races,  ages,  and  diseases. 

3.  Medical  Inspection  of  Schools — To  interest  school  authorities  and  teachers 
in  health  of  pupils.  To  secure  physical  examination  of  school  children ;  to 
have  those  with  serious  defects  treated. 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers  83 

4.  Infant  Hygiene — To  educate  mothers  with  respect  to  better  care  for 
babies. 

5.  State  Laboratory  of  Hygiene — Examination  of  water  supplies,  sputa  for 
tuberculosis,  blood  for  typhoid,  blood  for  malaria,  swabs  for  diphtheria,  and 
other  disease  specimens.  Produce  and  distribute  diphtheria  antitoxin,  small- 
pox and  typhoid  vaccine.     Give  the  Pasteur  treatment. 

6.  Bureau  for  Venereal  Diseases — Bring  out  better  understanding  of  sex 
hygiene.  To  decrease  the  sources  of  venereal  diseases  by  elmination  of  clandes- 
tine prostitution  and  curing  persons  infected. 

7.  Bureau  of  Tuberculosis — Manages  State  Sanatorium.  Secures  reports 
of  all  cases  of  tuberculosis  in  the  State  and  supplies  patients  with  appropriate 
advice.  Interests  the  profession  and  public  in  the  better  care  of  those  cases. 
Advises  counties  as  to  the  local  care  of  all  cases  of  tuberculosis. 

8.  Bureau  of  Epidemiology — To  secure  reports  of  all  contagious  diseases. 
To  direct  control  of  contagions.     To  take  charge  of  epidemics. 

Q.  Who  compose  State  Board  of  Health?     Term? 

A.  The  State  Board  of  Health  is  composed  of  four  members  chosen  by  the 
State  Medical  Society  and  five  others  appointed  by  the  Governor.  The  term 
of  office  is  six  years. 

Q.  Who  compose  the  County  Board  of  Health?    Term? 

A.  The  County  Board  of  Health  is  composed  of  the  chairman  of  the  Board  of 
County  Commissioners,  the  Superintendent  of  County  Schools,  the  Mayor  of 
the  capital  town,  and  two  physicians  appointed  by  the  above  members  of  the 
board.    The  executive  officer  is  the  health  officer.     The  term  is  two  years. 

Q.  Has  every  county  a  health  officer? 

A.  No. 

Q.  State  Health  Officer:  chief  executive  of  the  Board  of  Health — Duties? 

A.  Public  health  law  enforcement. 

Determination  of  health  policies. 

Obtaining  legislative  adoption  of  policies. 

Selection  of  an  executive  staff. 

Supervision  and  coordination  of  the  special  bureaus. 

Take  care  of  general  problems  of  the  Board  of  Health. 

The  educational  work  and  accounting — public  funds. 

Selected  by  the  State  Board  of  Health. 

Term  six  years. 

Staff :  chiefs  of  various  bureaus. 

Salary :  not  more  than  $3,000  with  traveling  and  hotel  expenses. 

Q.  Has  North  Carolina  birth  and  death  registration? 

A.  The  Bureau  of  Vital  Statistics  secures  official  certificates  for  every  birth 
and  death. 

Q.  Has  North  Carolina  school  inspection? 

A.  Yes.  The  Bureau  of  Medical  Inspection  of  Schools  of  the  Board  of 
Health  has  charge  of  this. 

Q.  Has  North  Carolina  factory  inspection? 

A.  Yes. 

Q.  Has  North  Carolina  prison  and  jail  inspection? 

A.  Yes. 

Q.  Are  there  any  State  laws  to  check  spread  of  tuberculosis  and  venereal 
disease? 

A.  Yes.  All  physicians  and  executive  officers  of  every  private  or  public 
institution  for  the  treatment  of  disease  shall  report  to  the  Bureau  of  Tubercu- 
losis the  names  and  other  particulars  of  all  persons  afflicted  with  tuberculosis. 
The  bureau  shall  keep  a  register  of  all  persons  in  this  State  known  to  be 
afflicted  with  tuberculosis  and  shall  maintain  a  correspondence  school  with 


84  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

those  of  the  State's  tuberculous  population  and  advise  them  as  to  the  methods 
for  obtaining  cures  and  as  to  the  methods  for  preventing  the  spread  of  the 
disease.  Special  precautions  are  taken  in  prisons  to  prevent  the  spread  of 
the  disease. 

There  is  an  act  for  the  prevention  of  venereal  diseases.  Such  diseases  must 
be  reported.  Health  officers  are  directed  to  make  examination  of  persons 
reasonably  suspected  and  to  require  persons  infected  to  report  for  treatment 
and  to  continue  treatment  until  cured.  If  it  is  necessary  to  protect  the  public 
health  such  persons  may  be  isolated  or  quarantined. 

Q.  Has  North  Carolina  any  State  Hospitals*  or  dentention  homes  for  these 
diseases? 

A.  There  is  the  North  Carolina  Sanatorium  for  the  Treatment  of  Tubercu- 
losis. Any  city  or  town  or  county  in  North  Carolina  may  provide  for  the 
treatment  of  any  of  its  tuberculous  residents  at  this  sanatorium. 

Any  county  within  the  State  of  North  Carolina  has  the  power  and  authority 
to  establish  a  hospital  for  the  care  of  tuberculous  persons  if  it  is  the  will  of 
the  voters  that  bonds  be  issued.  A  special  tax  shall  be  levied  to  pay  interest 
on  bonds  and  to  provide  a  sinking  fund  to  pay  bonds  at  maturity.  A  special 
tax  may  be  levied  to  be  used  as  a  maintenance  fund. 

There  is  also  a  provision  whereby  any  county  may  have  a  clinic  for  the  treat- 
ment of  venereal  diseases. 

Q.  Is  there  a  sanitary  rest  room  in  the  county-seat  of  your  county  for  the 
county  women  and  children? 

A 

Q.  Has  North  Carolina  food,  milk  and  water  inspection? 
A.  Yes. 

Q.  Has  North  Carolina  sanitary  inspection? 
A.  Yes. 

Q.  What  are  some  of  the  big  aids  to  health  offered  by  the  State 'and  county? 
A.  The  clinics  in  various  counties : 
Tonsil  and  adenoid. 
Dental. 

Venereal  diseases. 
Free  vaccination. 
Free  typhoid  vaccine. 
Diphtheria  antitoxin. 

Pamphlets  on  treatment  of  tuberculosis  issued  by  the  Bureau  of  Tubercu- 
losis of  North  Carolina. 
Pamphlets  on  the  true  facts  of  sex  and  venereal  diseases. 

Q.  How  may  we  help  in  preventing  the  spreading  of  diseases? 

A.  It  is  by  law  the  duty  of  every  parent,  guardian,  or  householder  to  report 
any  contagious  disease  in  the  household.  If  your  neighbors  are  not  doing 
this  it  is  your  duty  to  report  such  cases  in  the  families  of  neighbors  as  well 
as  your  own,  and  so  protect  yourself  and  others  from  sickness. 

Contagious  or  infectious  diseases  to  be  reported :  Whooping  cough,  measles, 
diphtheria,  scarlet  fever,  smallpox,  infantile  paralysis,  typhoid  fever,  typhus 
fever,  Asiatic  cholera,  Bubonic  plague,  yellow  fever. 

Taxation 

Q.  Name  various  State  taxes. 

A.  1.  Inheritance  tax :  levied  on  property  conveyed  by  will. 

2.  Income  tax :  levied  upon  income,  whether  for  wages  or  salary  or  profits 

for  business. 

3.  Corporation  tax :  levied  on  private  corporation. 


Foe  Pupils  and  Teachers  85 

4.  Franchise  tax ;  levied  on  privilege  granted  by  the  government. 

5.  The  poll  tax :  levied  on  every  male  inhabitant  of  the  State  over  21 

and  under  50  years  of  age  who  is  not  exempt  on  account  of  poverty 
or  infirmity. 

6.  Taxes  on  trades  and  professions. 

7.  License  taxes. 

Q.  How  does  North  Carolina's  tax  rate  compare  with  that  of  other  States? 

A.  North  Carolina's  tax  rate  is  the  lowest  of  any  State  in  the  Union. 

Q.  Who  has  power  to  levy  county  taxes? 

A.  The  county  taxes  are  levied  by  the  county  commissioners.  All  taxes 
levied  by  county  or  city  shall  be  uniform  and  according  to  value,  that  is,  at  a 
certain  per  cent  in  valuation  of  the  property.  Their  power  of  taxation  is 
restricted  by  the  State  Legislature  by  general  laws. 

Q.  What  is  your  city  tax? 

A.  Asheville  city  tax  1921,  80c.  per  $100  valuation  of  the  property.  City 
tax  is  at  a  certain  per  cent  in  valuation  of  the  property. 

Q.  Who  collects  the  city  tax? 

A.  The  city  tax  collector. 

Q.  Can  your  city  increase  the  rate  of  taxation? 

A.  Yes. 

Q.  What  is  the  poll  tax?    For  what  is  it  used? 

A.  Poll  tax  is  a  tax  on  every  male  inhabitant  of  the  State  over  21  and 
under  50  years  of  age.  The  proceeds  of  the  poll  tax  are  used  for  the  purpose 
of  education  and  the  support  of  the  poor,  but  in  no  one  year  shall  more  than 
twenty-five  per  cent  thereof  be  appropriated  for  the  support  of  the  poor. 

Political  Pakties 

Q.  What  is  meant  by  government  by  political  parties? 

A.  The  United  States  is  a  representative  democracy.  The  power  is  exercised 
by  representatives  chosen  by  the  people,  acting  through  political  parties.  Com- 
mittees within  the  parties  nominate  candidates  and  conduct  campaigns.  Thus 
the  government  is  controlled  by  the  political  parties. 

Q.  How  are  the  candidates  chosen? 

A.  Candidates  may  be  chosen  in  two  ways : 

a.  Directly — By  the  direct  vote  of  the  members  of  the  party  at  a  primary 

election  similar  to  a  regular  election. 

b.  By  party  conventions— Party  representatives  are  chosen  at  primary 

meetings.     These  representatives   make   up   the   convention  which 
nominate  the  candidates. 
Q.  What  are  the  conventions  and  primaries? 

A.  Primaries  are  elections  held  some  weeks  before  the  regular  election.  At 
the  primaries  the  voters  nominate  candidates  for  office  or  delegates  to  the 
conventions. 

Conventions  are  meetings  held  by  the  delegates  chosen  by  the  voters  at  the 
primaries.  At  these  conventions  the  delegates  make  nominations  or  choose 
men  to  go  to  higher  conventions. 

Congress,  the  President,  and  the  Cabinet 

Q.  Two  branches  of  Congress:  of  whom  composed? 

A.  Congress  is  composed  of  the  Senate  and  the  House  of  Representatives. 

The  Senate  is  composed  of  two  senators  from  each  State  elected  by  the 
people  for  six  years. 

The  House  of  Representatives  is  composed  of  members  chosen  every  second 
year  by  the  people  of  the  various  states.    The  number  from  each  state  is  fixed 


86  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

by  Congress  according  to  the  population  of  the  state.  There  are  now  435  mem- 
bers apportioned  among  the  states. 

Q.  How  many  Senators  and  Congressmen  from  North  Carolina?  Powers, 
salaries,  and  terms  of  office?    How  chosen? 

North  Carolina  has  two  Senators  and  ten  Representatives.  They  are  chosen 
by  popular  vote.  The  salary  of  the  Congressmen  is  $7,500,  traveling  expenses, 
stationery  and  extra  compensation  for  clerks. 

Duties  and  powers :  Congress  makes  the  national  law. 

Senate :  Confirms  presidential  appointments,  ratifies  treaties,  tries  impeach- 
ment cases,  and  elects  a  Vice-President  when  the  electoral  college  fails  to  do  so. 

House  of  Representatives :  Originates  all  bills  for  the  raising  of  revenue, 
elects  a  President  in  case  the  electoral  college  fails  to  do  so,  brings  articles 
of  impeachment  against  any  civil  officer  for  treason  or  for  high  misdemeanors 
in  office. 

All  the  powers  of  Congress  are  found  in  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  Article  I,  Section  8. 

Q.  State  duties  and  powers  of  President.  Salary  and  term  of  office.  How 
chosen  ? 

A.  The  President  of  the  United  States  is  chosen  indirectly  by  'the  votes  of 
the  electors  of  the  nation. 

Term :  four  years. 

Salary:  $75,000. 

Duties  and  powers :  He  is  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Army  and  Navy ;  sees 
that  the  national  laws  are  faithfully  executed :  makes  treaties  with  foreign 
powers  (treaties  must  be  ratified  by  the  Senate)  ;  appoints  ambassadors, 
ministers  and  consuls  to  foreign  countries ;  appoints  judges  of  United  States 
courts,  heads  of  departments,  many  revenue  and  postal  officers ;  can  pardon 
offenses  against  the  United  States ;  recommends  to  Congress  measures  for 
legislation ;  has  power  to  convene  Congress  in  special  session  and  to  adjourn 
Congress  when  the  two  houses  cannot  agree  on  matter  of  adjournment ;  has 
veto  power. 

Q.  The  Cabinet :  Name  departments.  Name  cabinet  officers,  duties,  powers, 
salaries,  and  terms  of  office. 

A.  The  State  Department,  under  the  Secretary  of  State,  attends  to  foreign 
affairs,  transacts  business  between  our  government  and  other  governments. 

The  Treasury  Department,  under  the  Secretary  of  Treasury,  has  charge  of 
Public  Health  Service,  customs,  taxes,  coinage,  etc. ;  the  financial  business  of 
the  country. 

The  War  Department,  under  the  Secretary  of  War,  has  charge  of  the  army, 
the  land  forces. 

The  Navy  Department,  under  the  Secretary  of  Navy,  has  charge  of  the  navy. 

The  Department  of  Justice,  under  the  Attorney-General,  is  the  government 
law  department. 

The  Postoffice  Department,  under  the  Postmaster-General,  has  charge  of 
mail,  postoffices,  etc. 

The  Department  of  the  Interior,  under  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  has 
charge  of  education,  public  lands,  pensions,  patents,  etc. 

The  Department  of  Agriculture,  under  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  deals 
with  agricultural  interests,  home  economics,  etc. 

The  Department  of  Commerce,  under  the  Secretary  of  Commerce,  deals  with 
commercial  affairs,  foreign  and  domestic,  transportation  facilities,  etc. 

The  Department  of  Labor,  under  the  Secretary  of  Labor,  deals  with  indus- 
trial relations,  immigration  affairs,  welfare  of  wage  earners,  children's 
bureau,  etc. 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers  87 

The  Judiciary  System:   National,  State,  and  Local 

Q.  What  is  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States?     Of  whom  composed? 

A.  The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  is  the  highest  court  of  the 
federal  judicial  system.  It  is  now  composed  of  a  Chief  Justice  and  eight 
Associate  Justices,  and  holds  its  sessions  in  the  Capitol  at  Washington,  D.  C. 
The  Chief  Justice  and  Associate  Justices  are  appointed  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States  and  confirmed  by  the  Senate,  and  "hold  their  offices  during  good 
behavior,"  and  receive  salaries  to  be  designated  by  Congress  not  to  "be 
diminished  during  their  continuance  in  office."  Their  salaries  are  now :  the 
Chief  Justice,  $15,000  a  year,  and  every  Associate  Justice  $14,000  a  year. 

Q.  Of  whom  is  the  Court  of  Appeals  composed?     How  chosen? 

A.  The  United  States  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals  is  not  created  by  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States,  but  by  act  of  Congress.  There  is  one  for  every 
judicial  circuit  in  the  United  States — now  nine — and  held  at  different  places 
in  their  several  circuits.  It  is  composed  of  three  judges,  one  of  whom  may  be 
the  Chief  Justice  or  the  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  assigned  to  the  circuit,  and  one  or  more  circuit  judges  of  the  circuit 
(the  different  circuits  having  different  numbers  of  circuit  judges),  or  such 
Supreme  Court  Justice  and  a  circuit  judge  and  a  district  judge,  or  such 
Supreme  Court  Justice  and  two  district  judges,  or  three  circuit  judges  or  two 
circuit  judges  and  a  district  judge,  or  one  circuit  judge  and  two  district 
judges,  or,  it  seems,  three  district  judges.  The  salary  of  a  circuit  judge  is 
$7,000  a  year. 

Q.  Of  whom  are  the  United  States  District  Court  composed?     How  chosen? 

A.  United  States  District  courts  are  presided  over  by  United  States  circuit 
judges.  Every  State  has  one  or  more  United  States  Districts,  and  for  every 
such  district  there  is  a  United  States  district  judge  or  United  States  dis- 
trict judges.  A  United  States  district  judge  or  United  States  circuit  judge  is 
appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States  and  confirmed  by  the  Senate 
and  holds  his  office  during  good  behavior  at  a  salary  fixed  by  Congress,  not  to 
be  diminished  as  to  him  while  in  office,  now  $6,000  a  year  for  a  district  judge. 

Q.  Of  whom  is  the  United  States  Court  of  Claims  composed?    How  chosen? 

A.  United  States  Court  of  Claims  has  a  chief  justice  and  four  judges,  ap- 
pointed by  the  President  and  confirmed  by  the  Senate,  holding  office  during 
good  behavior  and  receiving  annually :  the  chief  justice  $6,500,  and  the  others 
$6,000,  to  determine  many  classes  of  claims  under  the  United  States  Constitu- 
tion and  laws  or  connected  with  them  or  with  matters  in  which  the  United 
States  are  concerned  as  a  government. 

North  Carolina  Courts 

Q.  Of  whom  is  Supreme  Court  of  North  Carolina  composed?  How  chosen? 
Duties,  powers,  salaries,  and  terms  of  office? 

A.  The  Supreme  Court  of  North  Carolina  is  the  highest  court  in  this  State, 
and  is  created  by  its  Constitution.  It  consists  of  a  Chief  Justice  and  four 
Associate  Justices,  elected  by  the  people  for  a  term  of  eight  years  in  every 
case,  with  a  salary  of  $5,000  a  year  to  every  Justice,  $250  traveling  expenses, 
and  $900  for  stenographer  or  clerk.  The  court  sits  in  the  Supreme  Court 
Building  in  Raleigh,  North  Carolina,  and  has  "jurisdiction  to  review,  upon 
appeal,  any  decision  of  the  courts  below,  upon  any  matter  of  law  or  legal 
inference,"  as  well  as  to  render  decision  (only  recommendatory)  on  claims 
against  the  State. 

Q.  Of  whom  is  the  Superior  Court  composed  and  how  chosen?  Salaries, 
duties,  powers,  and  terms  of  office? 


88  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

A.  The  Superior  Court  has  twenty  districts,  with  a  Superior  Court  judge 
elected  by  the  people  of  the  State,  one  judge  for  every  district;  and  the  dis- 
tricts are  divided  into  two  divisions  of  ten  districts  in  the  eastern  division 
and  ten  in  the  western,  in  which  divisions  the  judges  of  each  rotate.  Every 
Superior  Court  judge  has  a  salary  of  $4,000  a  year  and  necessary  traveling 
expenses,  not  to  exceed  $1,500,  and  $100  a  week  and  traveling  expenses  for 
holding  extra  terms  of  Superior  Court.  The  jurisdiction  of  Superior  Court  is 
of  all  cases  not  given  by  the  law,  except  that  given  by  the  State  Constitution  to 
the  State  Supreme  Court. 

Q.  Other  courts — how  created? 

A.  Courts  other  than  the  Superior  Court  and  Supreme  Court,  and  justices  of 
the  peace,  are  created  by  the  Legislature  with  different  provisions  as  to  how 
they  are  composed,  salaries,  etc.,  with  different  jurisdictions  fixed  by  the  Legis- 
lature not  pertaining  to  the  Supreme  Court  and  justices  of  peace,  and  some 
few  matters  pertaining  to  the  Supreme  Court.     They  are  usually  city  courts. 

Q.  What  are  justice  of  the  peace  courts? 

A.  There  are  to  be  in  the  State  three  justices  of  the  peace  for  every  town- 
ship, and  when  the  township  contains  a  city  or  incorporated  town,  it  shall 
have  one  justice  of  the  peace  for  every  thousand  inhabitants  in  the  city  or 
town.  Justices  of  the  peace  are  elected  by  the  people  in  every  township  and 
hold  office  for  two  years,  and  are  paid  by  fees  according  to  services.  They 
have  jurisdiction  of  civil  matters  founded  on  contract  wherein  the  sum  de- 
manded does  not  exceed  two  hundred  dollars,  and  the  title  to  land  is  not  in 
controversy,  and  not  founded  on  contract,  when  the  value  of  the  property  in 
controversy  does  not  exceed  fifty  dollars  (including  controversies  between  land- 
lord and  tenant  of  lands),  and  of  all  criminal  matters  in  their  respective 
counties  in  which  the  punishment  provided  by  law  "cannot  exceed  a  fine  of 
fifty  dollars  or  imprisonment  for  thirty  days." 

Impeachment  of  Public  Officers 

Officers  of  the  United  States  are  tried  before  the  Senate  of  the  United  States, 
and  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina  are  tried  before  the  Senate  of  North 
Carolina. 

Q.  What  are  the  duties  of  the  grand  jury  and  the  petit  jury  in  the  United 
States  District  Courts? 

A.  Grand  juries  in  the  United  States  District  Courts  and  State  Superior 
Courts  investigate  alleged  crimes  in  their  respective  provinces,  and  territories, 
and  find  bills  of  indictment.  Petit  juries  in  United  States  District  Courts  try 
issues  of  fact  in  law  cases  and  criminal  cases,  but  not  in  equity  cases.  In  the 
State  Supreme  Courts  they  try  issues  of 'fact  in  all  cases,  civil  and  criminal. 


INFORMATION  THE  U.  S.  GOVERNMENT,  WASHINGTON, 

D.  C.  OFFERS 

A.  For  the  Farmer.     Information  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture : 

1.  Planting  and  Growing  of  Crops— Bureau  of  Plant  Industry. 

2.  Weather  Reports — Weather  Bureau. 

3.  Crop  Estimates— Bureau  of  Crop  Estimates. 

4.  Destructive  Insects  and  Dairying— Bureau  of  Entomology. 

5.  Livestock  and  Dairying— Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 

6.  Forest  and  Grazing  Lands— Forest  Service. 

7.  Rural  Roads— Office  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural  Engineering. 

8.  Farm  Management  and  Procuring  of  Help— Office  of  Farm  Manage- 

ment. 

9.  Marketing  and  Distributing  of  Products — Bureau  of  Markets. 

10.  Farm  Finance — Federal  Farm  Loan  Bureau. 

11.  Diseases  in  Rural  Districts — Public  Health  Service. 

12.  Home  Reading  Course  for  Parents— Bureau  of  Education. 

13.  Demonstration  Work — States  Relations  Service. 

a.  County  Agent :  Will  demonstrate  problems  on  farmers'  own  land. 

b.  Woman  County  Agent:  Will  demonstrate  work  in  the  farmer's 

home. 

c.  Farmers'  Institutes:  Meetings  of  farmers  where  addresses  are 

given. 

14.  Bulletins,  Pamphlets,  or  Circulars— Offices  of  Publications. 

B.  For  the  Working  Man.    The  Department  of  Labor. 

1.  To  find  employment  or  help — Employment  Service. 

2.  For  information  about  labor — Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics. 

a.  Hours  and  earnings. 

b.  Protective  laws. 

c.  Employment  of  women  and  children. 

d.  Vocational  education. 

3.  To  settle  labor  disputes — Board  of  Mediation  and  Conciliation. 

C.  For  the  Woman  in  Her  Home— Office  of  Home  Economics. 

Bulletins  treating  of  all  practical  questions  of  home  life  such  as : 

Bread-making  in  the  Home. 

How  to  Select  Foods. 

Foods  for  Young  Children. 

School  Lunches. 

The  Kitchen  as  a  Work  Shop. 

Removal  of  Stains  from  Clothing. 

Home-made  Fireless  Cookers. 

Saving  Fuel. 

Household  Pests. 

Inspection  of  Meats— Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 

Inspection  of  Drugs— Bureau  of  Chemistry. 

Purifying  of  Water— Public  Health  Service. 
The  Mother  and  Baby— Children's  Bureau,  Department  of  Labor. 
Pamphlets  on 

Prenatal  Care  and  the  Daily  Care  of  Children. 

Schedules  Concerning  Health,  Feeding,  etc. 

Prenatal  Care  and  Infant  Care. 

Kindergarten  Methods ;  For  the  Home ;  Bottle  Feeding. 

What  Growing  Children  Need. 
These  bulletins  will  be  sent  free  upon  application. 


90 


A  Text  and  Reference  B 


ook 


D.  For  the  Immigrant— Department  of  Labor 

1.  To  Find  Employment-Employment  Service. 


E 


For  the  Girls  and  Boys— Bureau  of  Education 

1.  Vocational  Education. 

2.  Farming. 

3.  Home  Economics. 

4.  Home  Gardening. 

5.  Reading  Circles. 


SIMILAR  INFORMATION  THE  STATE  OFFERS 

A.  For  the  Farmer — State  Department  of  Agriculture,  Raleigh,  N.  C. 

1.  The  Bulletin    (issued  monthly) — Each  month's  issue  is  devoted  to  a 

particular  subject. 

2.  Farm  Demonstrations — Demonstrations  on  the  farms,  instruction  about 

crops,  etc. 

3.  Farmers'  Institutes    (in  every  county)— Meetings  of  farmers  to  hear 

matters  of  interest  to  them. 

4.  Institutes  for  Women — Advice  about  the  home. 

5.  Care  and  Feeding  of  Animals :  Diseases,  extermination  of  "tick,  serum 

for  vaccination  of  hogs  to  prevent  spread  of  cholera.  For  this  in- 
formation, Animal  Industry  Division. 

6.  Abatement  of  Injurious  Insects— Bureau  of  Entomology. 

Rules  for  Soil  Building  in  North  Carolina 

1.  Broadcast  two  tons  of  ground  limestone  per  acre  every  four  years. 

2.  Plow  deeper  each  year  until  a  depth  of  twelve  inches  is  reached. 

3.  Sow  crimson  clover  on  all  land  which  would  otherwise  lie  idle,  and 

clean  during  the  winter  months.  Clover  to  be  turned  under  in  the 
spring. 

4.  Plant  soybeans  or  peas  on  all  small  grain  stubble  land,  beans  or  peas 

to  be  turned  under. 

5.  Save  all  stable  manure  and  apply  with  acid  phosphate  direct  to  the 

field. 

6.  Use  fertilizer  liberally,  containing  phosphorous  and  nitrogen,  increas- 

ing the  phosphorous  and  decreasing  the  nitrogen  as  the  soil  becomes 
more  fertile.  Potash  should  be  applied  on  sandy  soils.  Soil  building 
is  easy  for  the  farmer  who  plans  his  work  and  works  his  plan. 

B.  For  the  Working  Man— State  Department  of  Labor. 

1.  To  find  employment  or  help — Employment  Service. 

2.  Any  information  about  labor  question. 

C.  For  the  Woman  in  Her  Home— State  Board  of  Health— Bureau  of  Public 
Health  Nursing  and  Infant  Hygiene,  Raleigh,  N.  C. 

1.  Prenatal  Care. 

2.  Better  Babies. 

3.  Infant  Care   (booklet)— Publication  No.  8. 

4.  "Cornerstone  of  a  Child's  Future"— Special  Bulletin  No.  177. 

5.  "Children  of  Pre-School  Age"— Special  Bulletin  No.  167. 

6.  "How  to  Keep  Tour  Baby  Well"— Special  Bulletin  No.  50. 

7.  Weight  charts  up  to  7  years  of  age. 

These  Bulletins  will  be  sent  free  upon  receipt  of  request. 
The  Health  Bulletin  will  be  sent  free  each  month  to  any  citizen  of  the 
State. 


PART  III 

SUGGESTIONS  FOR  TEACHERS 

1.  Plans,  Methods,  Outlines,  and  Text-Books. 

2.  Contests   and   Commencement   Exercises   in   Adult    Schools   in 

North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Alabama. 


SUGGESTIONS  FOR  TEACHERS 

(Note. — Keep  several  days  ahead  of  your  work  in  your  planning.  Know 
just  what  results  you  will  try  for  in  each  subject  each  night  when  you  go  to 
.your  pupils.  We  feel  that  their  coming  after  a  hard  day's  work  demands  from 
tis  the  best,  most  definite,  most  practically  helpful  material  that  can  be  found.) 

Arithmetic 

1.  Find  out  facts  known  to  pupils.  (Don't  waste  time  developing  facts 
already  known.  Adult  pupils  grasp  the  fundamental  processes  much  more 
quickly  than  children.) 

2.  Connect  these  known  facts  with  new  processes. 

3.  Create  a  situation  where  there  is  real  need  to  solve  a  given  problem. 

4.  Have  pupils  make  a  similar  problem  and  solve. 

5.  Assign  these  same  problems,  with  a  few  additional  similar  ones,  for 
liome  work. 

Reading 

Stress  the  central  idea  of  the  whole  lesson  each  time  before  beginning. 
Have  certain  selections  read  until  familiar  enough  to  be  used  as  a  reference 
chart.  Have  pupil  read  sentence  to  himself  before  reading  aloud.  Drill  on 
word  families.     Drill  on  sight  words.     Drill  on  sounds  of  letters. 

A  good  way  to  make  a  given  sound  clearly  recognized  is  to  give  words  ending 
with  that  sound. 

(Words  ending  with  three  of  the  most  difficult  consonant  sounds:  rob,  bib, 
tub,  hub,  bed,  bad,  did,  glad,  dog,  big,  bag,  egg.)  Have  pupils  write  letters 
ironi  sounds  given.  For  instance,  the  teacher  sounds  "f,"  the  pupil  decides 
which  letter  is  indicated,  and  writes  it.  This  trains  the  ear  before  the  pupil 
is  asked  to  reproduce  the  sounds  himself.  At  the  conclusion  of  each  lesson, 
have  final  clear,  expressive  reading  of  the  lesson  by  pupil  or  teacher.  Have 
short  concert  reading  frequently.  In  developing  new  lesson,  read  the  whole 
lesson,  stress  the  central  idea,  and  analyze  the  subject-matter.  Have  the  pupil 
point  out  words  familiar  to  him.  Give  new  sight  words.  Sound  new  phonetic 
words.  In  teaching  new  words,  have  pupils  divide  into  syllables,  and  also 
find  them  in  sentences. 

Teacher  reads  lesson  through  again  after  developing  with  pupils.  Average 
two  or  three  new  consonant  or  vowel  sounds  at  each  lesson.  In  sight  reading, 
encourage  pupils  to  sound  initial  consonant  of  an  unknown  word  and  guess 
at  the  rest  from  the  context.     Then  sound,  to  make  sure. 

In  assigning  new  lesson,  ask  pupils  to  read  lesson  three  times  to  themselves 
and  once  aloud  to  some  one  else.  Give  slow  pupils  individual  assignments  of 
two  or  three  sentences.  Hold  them  responsible  for  definite  results,  even  if 
small.  Call  on  them  to  give  the  thought  side,  then  the  association  with  their 
experience.  This  often  fixes  the  form  in  their  minds.  Make  lists  of  words 
they  do  not  know.  If  these  things  are  done,  the  slow  pupil  will  be  happy  in 
his  work  and  his  progress  will  be  sure,  if  not  rapid. 

Spelling 

(Helpful  suggestions  for  teaching  spelling  have  come  from  "Essentials  of 
Spelling,"  by  Pearson  &  Suzzallo.) 

Pupil  should  "see,  hear,  pronounce,  and  write" : 

1.  Words  found  in  sentences,  meaning  developed,  if  necessary. 


96  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

2.  Words  divided  into  syllables.  Syllables  spelled  separately  and  sounded, 
silent  letters  noted. 

3.  Have  pupils  pronounce  words  distinctly. 

4.  Have  pupils  look  at  word  carefully,  look  away  and  spell. 

5.  Try  to  remove  probable  point  of  difficulty  in  the  word. 

6.  Always  ask  that  spelling  be  written  at  home : 
a.  First  from  copy  made  by  teacher. 

h.  Nest  print  changed  to  script  with  help  of  alphabet  list. 
c.  Words  put  in  short  sentences  by  pupil.     (Begin  with  one,  increase  to 
six  or  more,  to  be  written  at  home.) 

7.  Have  pupils  find  words  in  alphabetical  word  list.  (This  is  looking 
toward  the  use  of  dictionary — an  aim  to  be  kept  constantly  in  mind  from  the 
beginning. ) 

Suggestions 

1.  By  the  25th  lesson,  if  not  before,  begin  use  of  the  dictionary,  using  only 
one  or  two  words  at  a  lesson  until  these  can  be  found  readily. 

2.  Teacher  keeps  list  of  misspelled  words  for  review. 

3.  Encourage  pupils  to  look  over  all  written  work  to  find  misspelled  words 
and  to  go  to  an  alphabetical  list  or  dictionary  or  some  person  when  they  are 
in  doubt. 

4.  Short  sentences  from  dictation  and  spelling  matches  are  good  material 
for  contests. 

5.  Teach  every  pupil  how  to  find  with  ease  in  the  alphabetical  list  the  words 
he  needs  to  use. 

Writing  and  English 

Two  practice  blank  books  are  used  in  connection  with  the  Writing  and 
English  Book  for  Adult  Beginners,  published  by  the  B.  F.  Johnson  Company 
of  Richmond,  Va.  Two  school  sessions  are  held  weekly.  At  the  first  session, 
the  teacher  puts  home  work  for  the  intervening  days  in  a  blank  book  for  each 
pupil.  This  book  is  returned  at  the  second  session  and  a  new  book  given  the 
pupil  with  home  work  for  the  next  intervening  days.  This  system  is  continued 
throughout  the  course,  and  is  also  used  with  individual  pupils. 

Part  of  this  home  work  is  taken  each  time  from  the  Writing  and  English 
Book,  and,  in  class,  the  pupil  puts  the  part  practiced  in  the  book  itself. 

Suggestions  for  individual  work  for  home  books  : 

Pupil's  name  and  address,  names  of  members  of  family,  names  and  address 
of  relatives  and  friends  to  whom  letters  will  later  be  written.  Draw  envelopes, 
with  stamps  outlined,  to  be  addressed. 

Names  of  classmates. 

Keep  supply  of  envelopes,  checks,  money  orders,  paper  wrappers,  post-cards, 
bill  and  receipt  forms,  and  use  till  the  pupil  can  use  independently.  Teach 
wrapping  and  addressing  packages  for  mailing. 

Sentences  with  words  that  have  been  individually  misspelled. 

Words  relating  to  pupil's  occupation.  Letters  written  to  State,  county,  and 
city  officials  and  to  prospective  pupils. 

Golden  text  of  Sunday  School  lesson  written  and  read  if  pupil  is  particularly 
interested  in  Sunday  School. 

Names  of  local  churches,  lodges,  theaters,  streets,  street  cars,  stores,  creeks, 
rivers,  and  mountains. 

Names  of  days  of  week,  holidays,  and  months.  Names  of  family  relation- 
ships. Letter-writing  sentences.  Weather  words.  Words  of  Government  and 
of  education  and  religion. 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers  97 

Public  Signs — in  Script  and  in  Print 

Entrance  Elevator  Stop!     Look!     Listen! 

Exit  Auditorium  Lookout  for  the  Train 

This  Way  Out  City  Hall  Postoffice 

Fresh  Paint  City  Market  Stamps 

No  Smoking  Lunch  Room  Money  Orders 

No  Admittance  Cafe  Parcel  Post 

Danger  Restaurant  Notary  Public 

Keep  to  the  Right  Drug  Store  Information 

Ticket  Office  Travelers'  Aid  Fire  Escape 

Text-books  Used  in  Adult  Schools  in  Buncombe  County 

Reading 

Bible  Story  Reader— Gray  (published  by  State). 
Country  Life  Reader,  Book  1 — Stewart. 
Country  Life  Reader,  Book  2 — Stewart. 

Stories  of  Great  Americans  for  Little  Americans— Eggleston. 
A  First  Book  in  American  History — Eggleston. 
North  Carolina  History  Stories — Allen. 
Constitution  of  the  United  States — Selections. 

Health  and  Hygiene  and  Sanitation  (literature  from  State  and  Government). 
Health  and  Hygiene  and  Sanitation   (literature  from  Metropolitan  Life  In- 
surance Company). 

Bulletins  from  Home  Demonstration  Agent. 
The  Bible,  newspapers,  and  magazines. 

Writing 

Writing  and  English  Book — Kelly  &  Morriss. 
An  Oultine  for  36-Lesson  Course — Morriss. 

Spelling 
Word  List  in  Country  Life  Reader,  Book  1. 
Ayres  List. 

100  Spelling  Demons  of  Prof.  W.  Franklin  Jones. 
Selected  Word  Groups. 

Vest  Pocket  Standard  Dictionary — Funk  &  W agnails. 
100%  Speller—  Cody. 

Arithmetic 

No  text-book  is  in  hands  of  the  pupil. 

An  outline  for  a  36-lesson  course  is  given  teachers. 

Helpful  books  in  the  hands  of  the  teacher : 

Progressive  Arithmetic,  First  Book — Milne. 

Every  Day  Arithmetic — Hoyt  &  Peet. 

In  the  country  for  continuation  work. 

Rural  Arithmetic — Calfee. 

Arithmetic  for  Evening  Schools — Chancellor. 

Outlines  for  Specimen  Work 

i 
Specimens  of  work  done  by  pupils  on  first,  fourth,  eighth,  and  twelfth  nights 
are  kept,  so  that  each  pupil  may  see  his  progress,  and  that  teachers  may  have 
a  definite  aim  to  work  toward.  Selections  are  chosen  from  the  Specimen 
Outline,  and  on  the  intervening  evenings  the  lessons  are  planned  so  that  the 
specimen  work  will  not  be  too  new  or  too  difficult  for  the  pupils. 
—7 


98  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

Specimen  Forms  for  Writing  and  English,  Lessons  1-12 

Age No.  of  Lesson 

Legend 

First  night :     Initials  and  name  from  copy. 

Fourth  night:     Initials  and  name  from  dictation.     Also,  Asheville,  N.  C. 
Eighth  night:     Printed  words  changed  to  script.     Short  sentences. 
Twelfth  night:     Address  and  short  sentences  from  dictation. 

Teacher's  Name Date 


Specimen  Form,  Lessons  13-24 

Age No.  of  Lesson 

Legend 

First  night :     Short  sentences  from  dictation  and  date  line  for  letter. 

Fourth    night:     Salutation    and    complimentary    close    of     (1)     family,     (2) 
friendly,  and  (3)  business  letters. 

Eighth   night :     Short   personal   letters,    copied,    dictated,    of   original.     State 
which.     Envelope  addressed. 

Twelfth   night :     Short    business    letter,    copied,    dictated,    or    original.     State 
which.     Money  order  blank  filled  out  to  go  with  letter. 

Teacher's  Name Date 


Specimen  Form,  Lessons  25-36 

Age No.  of  Lesson 

Legend 

First  night :     Original   sentences  containing  given  words  or   sentences   from 
dictation. 

Fourth  night:     Post-card  written  and  addressed.     Paper  wrapper  used.    (With 
ink  if  desired,  not  necessary.) 

Eighth    night:     Short    business    letter    with    check    and    envelope    addressed. 
Wrap  and  address  package  for  mailing. 

Twelfth  nighc:     Letter  to  pupil  whom  we  wish  to  interest,  giving  reasons  why 
he  thinks  pupil  would  like  Community  Schools. 

Teacher's  Name Date 


Specimen  Form  for  Arithmetic,  Lessons   1-12 

Age  No.  of  Lesson 

Legend  _' 

Pupil's  Initials .-. 

Lesson  1 — Figures  from  1  to  50,  copied  or  from  dictation.  State  which.  Mis- 
cellaneous figures  to  100,  copied  or  from  dictation.     State  which. 

Lesson  4— Numbers  by  2,  3,  4,  and  5  to  24,  36,  48,  and  60.  If  I  spend  $10  a 
week  for  board,  $.84  for  carfare,  $.50  for  pleasure,  and  put  $.50  in  church, 
how  much  do  I  spend  each  week? 

Lesson  8— Make  Nos.  by  6,  7,  8,  and  9  to  72,  84,  96,  and  108.  A  man  sold 
3  lots.  For  one  he  received  $695,  for  another,  $734,  and  for  the  third, 
$392.     How  much  did  he  receive  for  all? 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers  99 

Lesson  12 — State  the  amount  of  change  in  each  of  the  following  problems : 

Articles  Purchased  Amount  Paid 

1  pair  shoes,  at  $5.75 $10.00 

1  knife,  at  $1.25 '---     5.00 

1  hat,  at  $3.50 - 10.00 

1  bucket,  at  69  cents - 1.00 

8  yards  lace,  at  7  cents 5.00 

1  suit,  at  $15.99 20.00 

9  spools  thread,  at  6  cents 1.00 

1  pair  gloves,  at  97  cents 5.00 

7  bars  soap,  at  6  cents 1.00 

Soap,  15  cents ;  oranges,  20  cents 50 

Sugar,  33  cents ;  prunes,  27  cents 2.00 

Lamp,  98  cents ;  oil,  73  cents 5.00 

Meal,  65  cents ;  coffee,  53  cents 2.00 

Nails,  42  cents ;  wire,  $4.81 10.00 

1  overcoat,  $18.65  20.00 

8  yards  gingham,  at  12y2  cents 5.00 

1  shovel,  at  18  cents 25 

1  box  candy,  at  $1.65 5.00 

Specimen  Form,  Lessons  13-24 

Age  No.  of  Lesson 

Legend  

Pupil's  Initials  

Lesson  1 — Miscellaneous  figures  to  1,000,  copied  or  from  dictation.  State 
which.  Make  numbers  by  10,  11,  and  12  to  120,  132,  and  144.  Columbus 
discovered  America  in  1492.    How  many  years  have  passed  since  then? 

Lesson  4 — A  man  had  $6,645.  He  gave  his  wife  $575,  his  daughter  $468,  and 
his  son  $249.75.     How  much  did  he  have  left? 

Lesson  8 — A  man  found  that  his  expenses  were  $28.85  a  month.  How  much 
will  they  be  in  8  months?  The  Hans  Rees  Tannery  bought  37  lots  of 
hides,  each  lot  containing  384  hides.  How  many  hides  did  they  buy? 
(To  be  adapted  to  pupil's  occupation.) 

Lesson  12 — How  many  sweaters,  at  $7  each,  can  be  bought  for  $32,613? 

Specimen  Form,  Lessons  25-36 

Age  No.  of  Lesson 

Legend 

Pupil's  Initials  

Lesson  1 — Miscellaneous  numbers  to  1,000,000,  copied  or  from  dictation.  State 
which.  If  a  man  paid  $6,272  for  S  lots,  how  much  did  he  pay  for  each? 
Roman  numbers  to  XX.     Write  9  :30  a.  m.  and  12  :45  p.  m. 

Lesson  4 — Divide  numbers  by  10  and  by  100.  Read  and  write  415  B.C.,  and 
1921  A.D. 

Lesson  8 — Teacher  make  problems  for  40.505  divided  by  54,  and  559,108 
divided  by  406.     Roman  numbers  by  X's  to  C  in  books. 

Lesson  12— Teacher  make  problems  for  5,684  X  609,  and  1.547,250  -h-  2,134 ; 
some  simple  problems  in  fractions,  if  any  have  been  given.  Tables  of 
weights  and  measures  put  in  books  whenever  seems  best. 


100  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

NIGHT  SCHOOL  COMMENCEMENT,  ROANOKE  RAPIDS, 

N.  C,  MAY  31,  1921 

1.  Chorus — Freedom  Our  Queen. 

2.  Reading — Washington's  Rules  of  Conduct. 

3.  Play— Uncle  Peter's  Visit  to  the  School. 

Cast  : 
Uncle  Peter  Professor 

Aunt  Bet  Seven  Pupils 

4.  Folk  Songs. 

5.  Play — Deacon  Jones's  Wife's  Ghost. 

Cast  : 
Deacon  Thomas  Judkins 

Juba  Dick  Davis 

6.  Quartette— Old  Black  Joe. 

7.  Living  Songs  in  Living  Pictures. 

Mother  Machree. 

Coming  Through  the  Rye. 

Old  Black  Joe. 

Seeing  Nellie  Home. 

Land  of  the  Sky  Blue  Water. 

Juanita. 

8.  Play — Colonial  Days. 

Cast  : 
Mother  Martha  Winthrop 

Daughter  Prudence  John  Fredericks 

Mercy  Andrews  James  Hadley 

Elizabeth   Winthrop 

COMMENCEMENT  EXERCISES  OF  THE   GAFFNEY,  S.  C, 

ADULT  SCHOOL,  SATURDAY,  JUNE  25, 

AT  4  P.  M. 

Song :  "God  Will  Take  Care  of  You." 

Devotional  Exercises. 

Music. 

My  Country. 

Little  Country  Girl.     Child's  World  Reader. 

Golden  Eggs.     Stepping  Stones  to  Literature. 

The  House  of  Washington. 

Perfect  Attendance  Prizes  Presented. 

Music. 

"Dr.  Cure-Ail,"  a  play  by  S.  J.  Smith — Penn  Publishing  Company,  Philadelphia. 

Address. 

Picture  of  School. 

Characters  in  Play 

Doctor 
Office  Girl 
Patients : 

Mrs.  Sarah  Buchanan 

Mrs.  Margaret  Pierce 

Mrs.  Maude  Wilson 

Mrs.  Genia  Brown 

Mrs.  Lula  Shehan 


Foe  Pupils  and  Teachers  101 

HAMILTON  ADULT  SCHOOL  EXERCISES  USHER  IN 

NEW  ERA 

5,000  Witness  First  Annual  Commencement  for  Illiterates  of  State 

Hamilton,  Ala.,  August  27. — Special — Remarkable  progress  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  adult  training  school,  a  branch  of  the  State's  school  system, 
launched  in  1915,  for  giving  an  elementary  education  to  the  State's  illiterates, 
was  illustrated  in  commencement  held  here  Saturday.  Saturday's  program 
marked  the  first  annual  commencement  of  Marion  County's  adult  schools,  and 
many  of  the  oldest  residents  of  the  city  declared  that  the  event  was  one  of 
the  most  inspiring  ever  held  in  this  section.  More  than  5,000  people  from  this 
and  adjoining  counties  were  in  attendance.  The  program,  opening  with  a 
parade  in  which  practically  every  business  house  in  Hamilton  was  represented, 
along  with  educational  leaders,  Red  Cross  workers,  and  ex-soldiers,  was 
brought  to  a  close  with  a  public  speaking  on  the  courthouse  grounds.  The 
addresses  were  preceded  by  the  serving  of  more  than  1,800  pounds  of  barbe- 
cued meats  and  refreshments.  The  barbecue  was  given  by  the  citizens  of 
Hamilton  in  honor  of  the  adult  training  school  students  and  ex-soldiers  of 
Marion  County. 

The  parade  was  headed  by  a  band  composed  of  Marion  County  boys.  In  the 
parade  were  gaily  decorated  floats,  and  in  automobiles,  beautifully  draped 
with  American  flags,  rode  a  corps  of  women  members  of  the  Marion  County 
Red  Cross  Chapter.  To  the  efforts  of  tbe  Red  Cross  women  is  due  much  of 
the  credit  for  the  success  of  the  celebration,  it  was  said,  inasmuch  as  they 
had  given  considerable  of  their  time  for  the  past  week  to  plans  for  the  program. 

OFFICIAL  PROGRAM 

The  State  Department  of  Education,  assisted  by  the  Extension  Department 
of  South  Carolina  University  and  the  Illiteracy  Commission,  is  arranging  for 
a  State  contest  for  the  adult  pupils.  The  schedule  being  planned  for  the 
visitors  is  delightful,  and  there  will  not  be  a  dull  moment  from  the  time  the 
pupils  leave  their  homes  until  they  return  again.  The  visitors  will  arrive  in 
Columbia  on  the  morning  of  May  13th,  when  they  will  be  met  by  a  committee 
and  be  made  at  once  to  feel  at  home.     The  program  is  as  follows : 

Friday 
1:00- -2:00  p.m.     Luncheon.    Guests  of  the  South  Carolina  University.    Wel- 
come addresses  will  be  made  by  Dr.  W.  S.  Currell,  Dr. 
Patterson  Wardlaw,  and  Dr.  Reed  Smith. 

2  :00-  2  :30  p.  m.     Visit  to  the  library,  where  some  of  the  most  valuable  books 

in  the  United  States  can  be  seen. 

3  :00-  5  :00  p.  m.     Contests  in  reading,  arithmetic,  spelling,  and  writing.   Davis 

College. 
7  :00-  9  :30  p.  m.     Banquet,  guests  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
building.     Address  by  Governor  Cooper  and  Mr.   Swear- 
ingen,  followed  by  humorous  toasts. 

Saturday 
9 :00-12 :00  m.  A  tour  over  the  city,  when  the  following  places  will  be 
visited :  Camp  Jackson,  the  State  House  and  monuments, 
Trinity  churchyard,  where  our  greatest  poet,  Timrod, 
and  one  of  our  greatest  statesmen,  "Wade  Hampton,  are 
buried ;  the  Baptist  Church,  in  which  the  Secession  Con- 
vention was  held,  as  well  as  the  colleges  and  the  State 
institutions. 


102  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

12 :30-  1 :30  p.  in.  Final  luncheon,  guests  of  the  State  Y.  M.  C.  A.  at  the 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  building. 
No  effort  is  being  spared  to  make  this  contest  the  best  of  the  season.  The 
University  and  the  city  of  Columbia  are  delighted  to  have  the  opportunity  of 
entertaining  the  pupils  of  the  adult  schools,  and  are  doing  everything  possible 
to  make  their  stay  profitable  and  enjoyable. 

PROGRAM  CONTEST  OF  ADULT  PUPILS 

Davis  College,   South  Carolina  University,  Columbia,    S.   C. 
Friday  and  Saturday,  May  13  and  14,  1921,  3  to  5  p.  m. 

Reading 

Reading  I — Open  to  pupils  who  have  had  from  36  to  100  lessons,  and  who 
could  not  read  at  all,  September,  1919.  Bible  Story  Reader  will  be  used  as  a 
text,  and  no  pupil  will  be  expected  to  read  a  selection  beyond  the  page  reached 
in  the  book. 

Reading  II — Open  to  pupils  who  have  had  from  100  to  200  lessons  and  could 
not  read  September,  1918.  One  of  the  following  selections  from  "Stories  of 
Great  Americans,"  by  Edward  Eggleston,  will  be  given :  "William  Penn  and 
the  Indians,"  "The  Story  of  a  Wise  Woman,"  "Franklin  His  Own  Teacher," 
"A  Great,  Good  Man,"  "Marion's  Tower,"  "Stories  About  Jefferson,"  "The 
Star-Spangled  Banner,"  "Daniel  Webster  and  His  Brother,"  "The  India 
Rubber  Man,"  "Horace  Greeley  Learning  to  Print.  ("Stories  of  Great  Ameri- 
cans" may  be  obtained  from  R.  L.  Bryan,  Columbia,  S.  C.  Price,  fifty  cents. 
Every  pupil  should  be  urged  to  buy  a  copy.) 

Reading  III — Open  to  all  pupils  of  third  and  fourth  grade  ability.  Simple 
selections  from  newspapers  will  be  given. 

Writing 

Writing  I — Open  to  all  pupils  who  could  not  write  in  September,  1920,  and 
who  have  had  less  than  36  lessons. 

a.  Write  capital  letters. 

h.  Write  small  letters. 

c.  Copy  a  short  letter. 

Writing  II — Open  to  all  pupils  who  could  not  write  September,  1919,  and 
who  have  had  from  36  to  100  lessons. 

Pupils  will  be  asked  to  write  a  letter  to  a  friend  containing  not  more  than 
four  short  paragraphs. 

Writing  III — Open  to  pupils  of  fourth  and  fifth  grade  ability.  Write  a 
business  letter  enclosing  money  order  ordering  a  bill  of  goods. 

Spelling 

(In  order  that  all  pupils  may  have  the  same  words  to  spell,  the  contests 
will  be  written.  Fifty  words  will  be  given  in  each  contest.  Pupils  must  bring 
pencils,  but  paper  will  be  provided.) 

Spelling  I — Open  to  pupils  who  have  had  less  than  fifty  lessons  and  could 
not  spell  at  all  when  entering  school.  Words  will  be  taken  from  section  1, 
Modern  Word  Book. 

Spelling  II — Open  to  pupils  who  have  had  from  50  to  150  lessons,  and  who 
could  not  spell  at  all  when  entering  school.  Words  will  be  taken  from  first 
500  words  from  Ayers'  Mastery  of  Words. 

Spelling  III — Open  to  pupils  of  fourth  and  fifth  grade  spelling  ability. 
Words  will  be  taken  from  the  second  500  words  from  Ayers'  list. 


Fob  Pupils  and  Teachers  103 

Conditions   of   Contests 

Any  pupil  who  lias  attended  adult  school  may  enter  a  contest,  provided  he 
meets  the  requirements  stated.  One  pupil  may  take  part  in  several  contests, 
but  will  be  eligible  for  only  one  prize. 

The  all-time  teachers  may  send  a  representative  for  each  contest.  Other 
teachers  are  urged  to  report  their  contestants  to  their  county  organizers  before 
April  28,  for  it  might  be  necessary  to  hold  a  county  preliminary  contest. 

The  following  information  about  each  representative  must  be  sent  to  the 
State  office  before  May  6 : 

Name  of  pupil 

Address 

Contest  or  contests  entered 

Name  of  School.- 

Age Grade 

Approximate  number  of  days  pupil  has  been  to  school 

It  is  imperative  that  this  information  be  filed  promptly  in  order  that  the 
schedule  may  run  smoothly. 

A  book  will  be  given  the  pupil  in  each  contest  who  scores  the  highest.  The 
winning  pupils  will  then  compete  for  a  gold  medal  to  be  awarded  to  the  pupil 
who  makes  the  highest  score  in  at  least  three  contests.  The  twelve  winning 
pupils  may  select  for  themselves  the  other  two  contests  in  their  group  they 
wish  to  take.  The  judges  will  make  the  award  on  the  relative  values,  so  it 
will  be  possible  for  a  beginning  pupil  to  win  over  an  advanced  pupil. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  teachers  from  each  county  will  arrange  to  have  one 
teacher  from  the  county  come  with  the  pupils.  However,  the  visitors  will  be 
met  at  the  trains  and  will  be  entertained  while  in  the  city.  All  contestants 
must  report  immediately  upon  arrival  to  Flimm  Hall  at  the  University  of 
South  Carolina,  located  on  the  University  campus.  If  possible,  arrange  to 
pay  the  railroad  fare  for  your  representatives. 

If  we  can  be  of  any  assistance  to  you,  do  not  hesitate  to  call  upon  us.  We 
are  counting  on  your  cooperation  to  make  this  contest  a  success. 

Cordially  yours, 

Wil  Lou  Gray, 
Supervisor  of  Adult  ScJiooTs. 
Arithmetic 

(Pupils  will  be  given  sheets  in  each  contest  containing  examples  similar  to 
the  ones  given  here.  The  pupils  will  be  expected  to  give  the  following  in- 
formation on  each  sheet,  and  then  record  results : 

Name  of  pupil.. 

Address 

Name  of  school 

Age Grade _. 

Approximate  days  you  have  attended  school  in  your  life 

Arithmetic  I. — Open  to  pupils  who  have  had  from  36  to  72  lessons  and  who  could 
not  write  figures  at  first. 

Add  (work  any  four) : 


.—  25 

B— 

47    C 

—    3 

D— 

23 

E— 

406 

4 

IS 

7 

10 

724 

■ 

4 
6 
22 
5 
1 

57 
23 

363 

104 


A  Text  and  Reference  Book 


Subtract  (work  any  four) : 
A—     29  B—     73 

11  38 


C— 


Multiply  (work  any  four) : 

6  times  4  5  times  12 
2  times  9  3  times    8 

7  times  7  9  times  11 


$46  .75 
22.50 

D— 

204 

72 

E— 

346 
133 

24 

2 

47 
23 

36 
3 

367 
45 

Divide  (work  any  four) : 

36  divided  by  9 
72  divided  by  6 
49  divided  by  7 
56  divided  by  7 


64  divided  by  8 

62  divided  by  9 

120  divided  by  12 


2  )  2468 


6  )  76489 


3  )  9367 


6  )  10478 


Arithmetic  II.  Open  to  pupils  of  third  and  fourth  grade  ability. 
Add: 

24  2345 

38  7890 

76  3467 

42  2903 

93  6345 

20  

57 


Subtract : 

975 

846 

463 

472 

Multiply: 

360 

7862 

7 

34 

Divide : 

4  )  40404 


8370 
4056 


9036 

785 


9006 
274 


3001 
96 


36  )  726884 


Arithmetic  III.  Open  to  pupils  of  third  and  fourth  grade  ability. 

(1)  Add:       «  +  A  +  I  +  A  A  +  A  +  t  + 

(2)  Subtract:        |  — A  i~U 

(3)  Multiply:        fXfX{|  A  X  A  X  |f 

(4)  Divide:           A  -  M  M-l 

(5)  Work  any  two: 

a.  A  clerk  has  a  monthly  income  of  $70.00  and  spends 
much  does  he  save  in  a  year? 

b.  At  $9f  a  cord,  how  many  cords  of  wood  can  be  bought  for  $277J^? 

c.  A  garden  contains  185g3s  square  rods  in  potatoes,  14524T  square  rods  in  cabbage 
plants,  and  65/5  square  rods  in  onions.     What  is  the  area  of  the  garden? 

d.  When  one  yard  of  percale  costs  $f,  how  many  yards  can  be  bought  for  $1¥95? 


5.25  per  month.     How 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers  105 

NIGHT  SCHOOL  SONG 

{Name  of  School)  will  shine  tonight, 
(Name  of  School)  will  shine. 
(Name  of  School)  will  shine  tonight, 

All  down  the  line. 
(Name  of  School)  will  shine  tonight, 
(Name  of  School)  will  shine. 
When  the  sun  goes  down,  and  the  moon  comes  up, 

Night  school  will  shine. 

Night  school  will  shine  tonight, 

Night  school  will  shine. 

Night  school  will  shine  tonight, 

Won't  that  be  fine? 
Night  school  will  shine  tonight, 
Night  school  will  shine. 
When  the  sun  goes  down,  and  the  moon  comes  up, 

Night  school  will  shine. 

MISS  GRAY'S  LETTER  OUTLINING  CLEMSON  CONTEST 

Isn't  it  fine  that  the  pupils  of  all  three  counties  are  going  to  be  given  an 
opportunity  of  meeting  each  other  and  having  a  day  of  pleasure  and  profit_ 
together?  Mr.  Littlejohn  has  written  from  Clemson  that  the  college  wishes 
to  cooperate  with  us  in  every  way  possible,  so  I  am  sure  we  are  going  to  have 
a  wonderful  day. 

The  first  problem  which  looms  up  is  to  get  every  pupil  in  school  a  way  to  go. 
Usually,  there  are  in  each  community  several  trucks,  so,  if  automobiles  can't 
be  secured,  get  the  owner  of  the  trucks  to  take  the  school,  provided  the  school 
is  too  far  away  to  go  in  wagons,  the  pupils  meeting  the  expense  of  gas  and 
oil.  Clemson  College  will  give  a  beautiful  State  flag  to  the  school  in  each 
county  which  has  the  largest  representation  of  pupils  present.  This  is  a  prize 
worth  working  for.  Urge  your  trustees  to  get  the  community  interested  in 
attending.  We  are  hoping  to  have  a  marked  place  reserved  for  each  school 
and  community,  and  trust  that  every  teacher  will  be  there  with  her  group  to 
respond  to  the  roll  call  with  the  information  asked  for  on  separate  sheets. 

The  program  for  the  day  is  as  follows  : 

1.  Some  words  of  welcome  from  Clemson. 

2.  Community  sing. 

3.  Roll  call  of  schools  and  response  by  teachers. 

4.  Reading  contest — section  1.  (One  representative  from  each  county. 
Contest  open  to  pupils  who  have  had  from  twenty  to  fifty  lessons,  and  who 
couldnot  read  a.t_alL-Qn^ntering  adult  school.     Bible  Story  Reader~text     No~ 

TycrpfTwill  be  expected  to  readTJeyonci  page  reached  in  book.) 

5.  Reading  contest — section  2.  (One  representative  from  each  county. 
Contest  open  to  pupils  of  second  and  third-grade  ability.  Country  Life  Reader, 
Books  1  and  2,  or  any  other  simple  text.) 

Anderson  and  Pickens  counties  will  select  representatives  by  preliminary 
contest  on  Friday.  Pupils  from  Oconee  County  wishing  to  enter  will  have 
preliminary  contest  at  Clemson  at  10  :30  Saturday  morning.  Apply  to  Informa- 
tion Bureau  in  Main  Building  for  room  number.  In  awarding  the  prize,  the 
judges  will  take  into  consideration  the  time  a  pupil  has  been  to  school.  A 
year's  subscription  to  a  daily  paper  will  be  given. 

6.  Spelling  match — section  1.  (Open  to  any  pupil  in  Anderson  and  Pickens 
counties  who  could  not  spell  at  all  at  the  beginning  of  this  term.     First  forty 


106  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

words  in  the  list  of  words  given  on  page  20  of  the  Appendix  in  Arnold's 
"Mastery  of  Words"  will  be  used.) 

7.  Spelling  match — section  2.  (Open  to  pupils  of  second  and  third  grade 
ability.  Pages  20,  21,  and  22  of  Appendix  in  Arnold's  "Mastery  of  Words" 
will  be  used.  In  1919,  Mr.  J.  B.  Felton,  then  county  superintendent  of  Ander- 
son, challenged  Pickens  County  for  a  spelling  match.  It  has  been  impossible 
to  meet  this  challenge  until  this  summer.  Let  both  counties  go  to  work  and 
see  if  each  one  can't  win  at  least  one  of  the  $5  gold  pieces  which  Anderson  has 
provided  as  a  prize  to  the  pupil  who  stands  up  longest.) 

8.  One-minute  speeches.  'JWhat  the  Lay-by  School  Has  Done  For  Me." 
(Open  to  any  pupil,  but  only  fifteen  minutes  can  be  given.) 

9.  "Sure  Cure  for  Ignorance,"  by  pupils  of  Broadway  School,  Anderson 
County. 

10.  Exercises  by  a  school  from  Oconee. 

11.  Awarding  of  prizes. 

12.  Address — some  prominent  speaker. 

13.  Picnic  dinner.     Counties  are  asked  to  eat  together. 

14.  Educational  tour  over  the  buildings  and  grounds  in  the  afternoon.  The 
college  will  provide  guides  to  explain  everything. 

.  This  will  be  the  pupils'  day,  and  we  want  to  do  everything  to  make  them 
have  a  good  time.  The  regulations  about  contests  are  not  iron-bound,  but  I 
have  written  this  letter  because  it  seemed  well  since  three  counties  were 
working  together  to  have  a  common  standard.  The  organizers  and  I  want 
to  make  everything  just  as  easy  as  possible.  There  will  be  an  Information 
Bureau  in  the  Main  Building  from  which  you  can  get  further  information  if 
desired. 

Bring  with  you  any  specimens  of  work  done  by  pupils  which  show  marked 
ability  and  post  same  on  a  bulletin  board  which  will  be  placed  by  the  door 
opening  into  the  auditorium.     Be  sure  to  put  name,  age,  and  grade  of  pupil 
on  specimen,  for  otherwise  it  is  impossible  to  judge  the  merit. 
Hoping  to  see  you  Saturday,  August  27th,  I  am 

Yours  sincerely, 

Wil  Lotr  Gray. 

COMMUNITY  SCHOOLS  IN  POSTAL  CONTEST  IN 
ASHEVILLE,  N.  C. 

Will  be  held  in  High  School  Auditorium,  October  3d,  Details  announced  by- 
officials. 

Students  of  the  community  schools  are  showing  great  interest  in  the  postal 
contest  to  be  held  on  October  3d  at  the  High  School  Auditorium.  Details  of 
the  contest  have  been  announced  as  follows : 

Postal  Contest  in  Community  Schools 

High  School  Auditorium,  October  3.  7  :30-9  :30  p.  m. 

Contest  1 — Preparing  a  package  and  an  envelope  for  mailing : 

1st  prise  2d  prize                        3d  prise 

First  Grade .' $3.00  $2.00  Map  of  North  Carolina 

Second  Grade  - 3.00  2.00  Map  of  North  Carolina 

Third  Grade  3.00  2.00  Map  of  North  Carolina 

The  first  and  second  prizes  for  this  contest  were  offered  by  the  postoffice- 
officials,  the  third  prize  by  the  American  National  Bank. 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers  107 

The  parcels  shall  contain  one  of  the  three  following  articles : 

a.  Eggs. 

6.  Vegetables  such  as  those  grown  in  gardens  and  sold  on  the  markets. 

c.  Articles  of  clothing. 

The  parcels  shall  be  judged  with  special  regard  to  : 

1.  The  kind  of  container  used  and  its  adaptability. 

2.  The  kind  of  wrapping  used  and  its  adaptability. 

3.  The  kind  of  cord  used  and  its  adaptability  and  the  manner  of  tying. 

4.  The  manner  in  which  the  parcel  is  addressed  with  special  regard  to  legi- 
bility and  completeness  in  both  the  address  and  the  return  card. 

It  is  not  required  that  competitors  go  to  the  expense  of  purchasing  special 
containers  where  such  containers  would  be  necessary  to  the  proper  preparation 
of  the  parcels  for  the  mails,  but  may  borrow  for  the  occasion  such  containers 
if  in  the  judgment  of  the  competitors  such  containers  would  better  their 
chances  of  winning  the  prize. 

The  following  factors  will  form  the  basis  of  judgment  in  preparing  envelope 
for  mailing: 

1.  Kind  of  paper  used  in  construction  of  envelope. 

2.  The  legibility  and  completeness  of  the  address  and  the  return  card. 
The  judges  in  this  contest  will  be  Mr.  Dan  Hill  and  Mr.  George  M.  Foster, 

of  the  postomce,  and  Mr.  Clarence  E.  Blackstock  of  the  county  board  of 
education.  Dr.  A.  S.  Wheeler,  of  the  T.  M.  C.  A.,  and  Miss  Opal  Brown,  of 
the  Y.  W.  C,  A. 

Contest  2 — Letter  writing : 

First  Grade — Friendly  letter  from  dictation. 

Second  Grade — Original  friendly  letter. 

Third  Grade — Original  friendly  and  business  letters. 

1st  prise  2d  prise                        3d  prise 

First  Grade  - $2.00  $1.00  Map  of  North  Carolina 

Second  Grade  2.00  1.00  Map  of  North  Carolina 

Third  Grade 2.00  1.00  Map  of  North  Carolina 

The  first  and  second  prizes  in  this  contest  were  offered  by  Judge  J.  D. 
Murphy.     The  third  prize  by  the  American  National  Bank. 

The  letters  will  be  judged  with  special  regard  to  the  correct  placing  of  date 
line,  salutation,  body  of  letters,  and  complimentary  close,  as  well  as  legibility 
and  interest  of  subject-matter. 

The  judges  will  be  Mr.  Frank  L.  Wells,  county  superintendent  of  education, 
Mr.  R.  L.  Fitzpatrick,  and  Mr.  R.  J.  Sherrill,  of  the  city  board  of  education. 

Pupils  of  Continuation  Schools  (carried  on  by  the  Business  and  Professional 
Women's  Club  for  the  graduates  of  the  community  schools)  will  enter  both 
contests.  Separate  prizes  for  them  will  be  offered  by  Mr.  R.  L.  Fitzpatrick 
and  the  Chamber  of  Commerce.  The  judges  will  be  Miss  Virginia  Williamson, 
of  the  Business  and  Professional  Women's  Club,  Mrs.  R.  P.  Johnston,  of  the 
First  Presbyterian  Church,  and  Mrs.  J.  S.  Williams,  of  the  Federated  Clubs. 

The  three  supervisors,  Misses  Eva  Edgerton.  Maud  Worley,  and  Ethel  Ray 
will  offer  a  $5  prize  to  the  community  having  the,  largest  per  cent  of  enroll- 
ment present.  A  prize  will  be  given  by  Mrs.  I.  M.  Wortham  to  the  pupil  from 
her  class  doing  the  best  work. 

The  prizes  will  be  delivered  by  Judge  J.  D.  Murphy. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  contests,  by  courtesy  of  Dr.  A.  S.  Wheeler,  of  the 
Biltmore  estate,  ice-cream  will  be  served.  During  this  time  short  talks  will 
be  made  by  pupils  from  the  schools.  Mayor  Gallatin  Roberts.  Mr.  W.  L. 
Brooker,  city  superintendent  of  schools,  Miss  Elizabeth  Kelly,  State  director 
of  community  schools,  Mrs.  John  Morris,  county  director  of  community  schools, 
and  Miss  Eva  Edgerton,  county  supervisor. 


108  A  Text  and  Reference  Book 

HEALTH  CONTEST 

The  health  of  the  child  is  the  joy  of  the  home  and  the  power  of  the  nation. 
By  example  and  precept,  we  will  try  to  teach  the  children  the  rules  of  the 
game. 

The  Rules  of  the  Game 

1.  A  full  bath  more  than  once  a  week. 

2.  Brushing  the  teeth  at  least  once  every  day. 

3.  Sleeping  long  hours  with  windows  open. 

4.  Drinking  as  much  milk  as  possible,  but  no  coffee  or  tea  for  children. 

5.  Eating  some  vegetables  or  fruit  every  day. 

6.  Drinking  at  least  four  glasses  of  water  every  day. 

7.  Spending  part  of  every  day  out-of-doors. 

8.  Head  erect.     Chest  up.     Waist  flat. 

Other  Important  Health  Rules 

1.  Know  where  your  drinking  water  comes  from  or  you  can  be  pretty  sure 
where  you  are  going. 

2.  Close  air  is  a  poison. 

3.  Swat  the  fly. 

4.  To  bar  disease — use  a  bar  of  soap. 

5.  Would  your  finger-nails  take  first  prize  at  a  county  fair?     A  nail  brush 
costs  10  cents. 

6.  Have  horse  sense. and  eat  oatmeal. 

7.  Fresh  air,  good  food  and  sunshine  are  three  of  the  main  rules  of  the 
health  game. 

8.  Keep  the  head  cool  and  the  feet  warm  and  dry. 

9.  Bad  teeth  cause  many  ailments. 

10.  If  you  are  proud  of  your  town,  make  your  backyard  show  it. 

11.  Try  today  to  sit  up  and  stand  up  straight,  to  eat  slowly,  and  to  attend 
to  each  need  of  the  body  at  its  regular  time. 

12.  Work,  play,  rest,  and  sleep  every  day. 

Requirements  for  Continuation  School  Certificates 

1.  Arithmetic  : 

Complete  "Arithmetic  for  Evening  Schools" — Chancellor. 
Simple  bookkeeping.     "20th   Century  Bookkeeping  and  Office   Account- 
ing," First  Book. 

2.  English  : 

Oral: 

Demonstrated  ability  to  stand  before  the  class  and  talk  for  a  minute  or 
two  upon  a  subject  within  the  range  of  their  knowledge  or  experience, 
speaking  plainly,  in  a  given  number  of  clean-cut  sentences  and  without 
common  grammatical  mistakes.      (Mastery  of  "the  sentence  idea.") 

Written: 

Demonstrated  ability  to  write  with  fair  facility  an  original  paragraph 
of  six  or  seven  sentences  upon  a  subject  within  the  range  of  their  expe- 
rience or  their  interests.     Such  a  paragraph  should  show : 

1.  An  absolute  mastery  of  the  "sentence  idea." 

2.  Freedom  from  glaring  grammatical  mistakes. 

3.  Correct  spelling  of  all  ordinary  words. 

4.  Unfailing  use  of  the  commonest  marks  of  punctuation. 

5.  Some  evidence  of  attention  to  matters  of  sentence  structure  and  to 

the  choice  of  words. 


For  Pupils  and  Teachers  109 

Such  paragraphs  may  illustrate  any  one  of  the  forms  of  discourse :  nar- 
ration, description,  exposition,  and  argument,  as  the  four  chief  kinds  of 
writing  are  technically  known.  The  pupil  need  not  be  conscious  of  these 
things.     But  the  teacher  should  think  of  them  all  the  time. 

Ability  to  write  a  personal  and  a  business  letter,  and  a  letter  to  a  public 
official. 

3.  Reading  : 

Demonstrated  ability  to  read  a  newspaper  or  magazine  article,  a  chapter 
in  an  elementary  history,  or  selected  chapters  from  the  Bible,  and  give 
the  thought  contained. 

4.  Spelling  : 

Demonstrated  ability  to  use  the  dictionary  freely  and  rapidly. 
Demonstrated  ability  to  spell  a  given  per  cent  of  the  Ayres  list  of  one 
thousand  words. 

5.  Writing  : 

Complete  "Writing  and  Composition  Book" — Kelly-Morriss. 

6.  History  : 

Read  simple  United  States  and  North  Carolina  histories.  Give  history 
of  the  flag  and  salute  to  the  flag.  Read  preamble  to  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  preamble  to  the  Constitution,  selections  from  the  addresses 
of  Washington,  Lincoln,  and  Wilson.  Ability  to  give  the  gist  of  the 
following  outline  with  as  much  elaboration  as  the  teacher  has  time  to  give : 
"Show  on  map  where  Christ  was  born.  Every  time  we  write  the  date  we 
acknowledge  His  birth.  Civilization  spread  from  this  part  of  the  world, 
was  checked  once  by  the  Huns  under  Attila ;  but  later  carried  forward  by 
the  Holy  Wars  of  the  Crusaders.  The  world's  history  shows  man's  steady 
struggle  for  the  freedom  and  self-government  from  the  days  of  the  Chiefs 
through  absolute  monarchy,  limited  monarchy,  to  a  republic.  Columbus 
discovered  America  and  men  and  women  came  here  for  freedom.  The 
Revolutionary  War  was  fought  by  Americans  for  freedom  from  England 
when  a  German  king  ruled  England.  France  helped  us.  The  Civil  War 
was  fought  to  settle  the  question  of  States'  Rights.  It  ended  in  a  glorious 
Union,  the  freeing  of  all  slaves  and  the  States  having  individual  rights, 
but  not  the  right  of  secession.  The  World  War  was  fought  because  the 
Germans  wished  to  enslave  the  world.  Twenty-eight  nations  fought 
Germany  and  forced  her  to  an  absolute  surrender." 

7.  Geography  : 

Acquaintance  with  names  and  locations  of  the  ten  largest  cities  of  the 
State,  of  the  counties  of  the  State,  of  the  States  of  the  Union,  and  the 
countries  of  the  world,  with  use  of  map  (not  memorized).  Acquaintance 
with  Federal  census  figures  for  the  population  of  Asheville,  of  Buncombe 
County,  of  North  Carolina,  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  world ;  also 
of  the  twenty  largest  cities  of  the  United  States  (not  memorized). 

8.  Special  work  in  health,  hygiene,  sanitation,  and  thrift  in  addition  to  the 

regularly  outlined  course. 


